Information about Human Computer
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NACA High Speed Flight Station "Computer Room"
Before mechanical and electronic computers, the term "computer", in use from the mid 17th century, literally meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations. Teams of people or human computers were used to undertake long and often tedious calculations. The work was divided so that this could be done in parallel.
The approach was taken for astronomical and other complex calculations. Perhaps the first example of organized human computing was by the Frenchman Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713–1765), when he divided the computation to determine timing of the return of Halley's Comet with two colleagues, Joseph-Jérôme Le Lepart and Nicole-Reine Étable.
The Indian mathematician Radhanath Sikdar was employed as a "computer" for the Great Trigonometric Survey of India in 1840. It was he who first identified and calculated the height of the world's highest mountain, later called Mount Everest.
Human computers played integral roles in the World War II war effort in the United States, and because of the depletion of the male labor force due to the draft, many computers during WWII were women, frequently with degrees in mathematics. In the Manhattan Project, human computers, working with a variety of mechanical aids, assisted numerical studies of the complex formulae related to Nuclear fission. And because the six people responsible for setting up problems on the ENIAC, the premiere general-purpose electronic digital computer built at the University of Pennsylvania during WWII, were drafted from a corpus of human computers, the world's first professional computer programmers were women, paving the way for careers in data processing as socially acceptable for women in an era of gender roles. (These six computers-turned-computer-programmers were Kay McNulty, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Ruth Lichterman, Betty Jean Jennings, and Fran Bilas.)
Following World War II, the NACA used human computers in flight research to transcribe raw data from celluloid film and oscillograph paper and then, using slide rules and electric calculators, reduce it to standard engineering units.
The term has also been applied to individuals with prodigious powers of mental arithmetic, also known as mental calculators.
References
- Grier, David Alan, The Human Computer and the Birth of the Information Age, Joseph Henry Lecture, Philosophical Society of Washington, May 11, 2001.
- Grier, David Alan, When Computers Were Human, Princeton University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-691-09157-9.
External links
- Early NACA human computers at work, photograph, October 1949.
- The Age of Female Computers, by David Skinner
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th Century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar.
The 17th Century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement and the beginning of
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The 17th Century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement and the beginning of
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A calculation is a deliberate process for transforming one or more inputs into one or more results.
The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation using an algorithm to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition
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The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation using an algorithm to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition
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Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
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Alexis Claude de Clairault (or Clairaut) (May 3, 1713 – May 17, 1765) was a French mathematician and thinker.
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Alexis Claude de Clairault (or Clairaut) (May 3, 1713 – May 17, 1765) was a French mathematician and thinker.
Biography
Clairault was born in Paris, France, where his father taught mathematics...... Click the link for more information.
1P/Halley
Discovery
Discovered by: prehistoric;
Named after Edmond Halley
Discovery date: 1758 (first predicted perihelion)
Alternate designations: Halley's Comet, 1P (see Designation below)
Orbital characteristics A
Epoch: 2449400.
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Discovery
Discovered by: prehistoric;
Named after Edmond Halley
Discovery date: 1758 (first predicted perihelion)
Alternate designations: Halley's Comet, 1P (see Designation below)
Orbital characteristics A
Epoch: 2449400.
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Radhanath Sikdar (Bangla: রাধানাথ শিকদার) (1813-1870) was a Bengali Indian mathematician who calculated the height of Peak XV in the Himalaya and discovered it to be the tallest mountain above sea level.
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The Great Trigonometric Survey was a project of the Survey of India throughout most of the 19th century. It was piloted in its initial stages by William Lambton, and later by George Everest.
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1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s
1837 1838 1839 - 1840 - 1841 1842 1843
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war effort refers to a coordinated social mobilization of industrial and human resources towards the support of a military force. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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- The Draft redirects here. For other uses, see Draft.
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Mathematics (colloquially, maths or math) is the body of knowledge centered on such concepts as quantity, structure, space, and change, and also the academic discipline that studies them. Benjamin Peirce called it "the science that draws necessary conclusions".
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Manhattan Project was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb) during World War II by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineer District (MED
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Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing photons (in the form of gamma rays), free neutrons and other subatomic particles as by-products.
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ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2]
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University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn[3][4]) is a private, coeducational research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. According to the university, it is America's first university[5] and is the fourth-oldest
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Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and running on a computer. Because data are most useful when well-presented and actually informative
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Kathleen "Kay" McNulty Mauchly Antonelli (February 12 1921 – April 20 2006) was one of the six original programmers of the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
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Betty Holberton (March 7 1917 – December 8 2001) was one of the original ENIAC crew.
She was born Frances Elizabeth Snyder in Philadelphia in 1917. She studied at the University of Pennsylvania, majoring in English and journalism, although she had excelled in
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She was born Frances Elizabeth Snyder in Philadelphia in 1917. She studied at the University of Pennsylvania, majoring in English and journalism, although she had excelled in
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Marlyn Meltzer was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer.
She was born Marlyn Wescoff and graduated from Temple University in 1942. She was hired by the Moore School of Engineering later that year to perform weather calculations, mainly because she
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She was born Marlyn Wescoff and graduated from Temple University in 1942. She was hired by the Moore School of Engineering later that year to perform weather calculations, mainly because she
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Ruth Teitelbaum (n̩e Lichterman) (1924 Р1986, Dallas) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer.
Teitelbaum graduated from Hunter College with a B.Sc. in Mathematics.
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Teitelbaum graduated from Hunter College with a B.Sc. in Mathematics.
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Jean Bartik (b. December 27 1924) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer.
She was born Betty Jean Jennings[1] in Gentry County, Missouri in 1924 and attended Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, majoring in mathematics.
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She was born Betty Jean Jennings[1] in Gentry County, Missouri in 1924 and attended Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, majoring in mathematics.
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Frances Spence (March 2 1922 –) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer.
She was born Frances Bilas in Philadelphia in 1922. She attended Temple University but then was awarded a scholarship to Chestnut Hill College.
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She was born Frances Bilas in Philadelphia in 1922. She attended Temple University but then was awarded a scholarship to Chestnut Hill College.
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Allied powers:
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United States
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China
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Germany
Japan
Italy
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
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Japan
Italy
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National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NACA
Logo
The official seal of NACA, depicting the Wright brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Agency overview
Formed March 3, 1915
Dissolved
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NACA
Logo
The official seal of NACA, depicting the Wright brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Agency overview
Formed March 3, 1915
Dissolved
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An oscillograph is an instrument for measuring alternating or varying electric current in terms of current and voltage. There are two instruments that are in common use today:
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- Electromagnetic oscillograph
- Cathode-ray oscilloscope
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