Information about Heart Disease
Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which affect the heart and as of 2007 it is the leading cause of death in the United States.[1]
Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease". It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.
Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia. Research has shown that a low fat,vegetarian diet can reduce the chance of cardiovascular disease and may also reverse conditions such as restriction of the blood vessels or "clogging."
Types of cardiovascular disease include:
Congenital heart disease, existing primarily at birth, refers to any of a number of heart diseases caused by unavoidable genetic factors.
Coronary heart disease is a disease of the heart caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.
Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.
Hypertensive heart disease, heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:
Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.
Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Types of heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease". It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.
- Extrinsic cardiomyopathies - cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies:
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- Coronary artery disease
- Congenital heart disease - see below
- Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
- Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
- Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
- Valvular cardiomyopathy - see also Valvular heart disease below
- Inflammatory cardiomyopathy - see also Inflammatory heart disease below
- Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
- Intrinsic cardiomyopathies - weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) - most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) - genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) - arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) - least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood. ** Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy - the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia. Research has shown that a low fat,vegetarian diet can reduce the chance of cardiovascular disease and may also reverse conditions such as restriction of the blood vessels or "clogging."
Types of cardiovascular disease include:
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart disease, existing primarily at birth, refers to any of a number of heart diseases caused by unavoidable genetic factors.
Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is a disease of the heart caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.
- Ischaemic heart disease - another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organ.
Heart failure
Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.
- Cor pulmonale, a failure of the right side of the heart.
Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertensive heart disease, heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Coronary heart disease
- (Congestive) heart failure
- Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
- Cardiac arrhythmias
Inflammatory heart disease
Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.
- Endocarditis - inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
- Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
- Myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart. It is generally due to infection (viral or bacterial). It may present with chest pain, rapid signs of heart failure, or sudden death.
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Valvular cardiomyopathy
See also
References
External links
- VIDEO - Heart Disease in the Female Population: Prevalence, Presentation and Pathophysiology, Mary Zasadil, MD, speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2007)
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada - Information Resource on Heart Disease
An umbrella term is a word that provides a superset or of related concepts, also called a hypernym. Thus cryptology is an umbrella term that encompasses cryptography and cryptanalysis.
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disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions. In human beings, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems
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heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in the annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.
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MeSH D009202 Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease", is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both.
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Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart.
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Relationship to other layers
The other tissues of the heart are:- the endocardium (inner lining, effectively a specialized endothelium)
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Cardiac arrhythmia
Classification & external resources
Ventricular Fibrillation or V-Fib, an example of cardiac arrhythmia.
ICD-10 I 47. - I 49.
ICD-9 427
DiseasesDB 15206
MedlinePlus 001101
MeSH D001145 Cardiac arrhythmia
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Classification & external resources
Ventricular Fibrillation or V-Fib, an example of cardiac arrhythmia.
ICD-10 I 47. - I 49.
ICD-9 427
DiseasesDB 15206
MedlinePlus 001101
MeSH D001145 Cardiac arrhythmia
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The term sudden cardiac death refers to natural death from cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms.[1] Other forms of sudden death may be noncardiac in origin.
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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply
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Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the abuse of alcohol use damages the heart muscle causing heart failure. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a type of Dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Coronary heart disease
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I20-I25
ICD-9 410 - 414 , 429.2
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD), ischaemic heart disease, atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I20-I25
ICD-9 410 - 414 , 429.2
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease (CAD), ischaemic heart disease, atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result
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Congenital heart disease (CHD) is heart disease in the newborn, and includes structural defects, congenital arrythmias, and cardiomyopathies. CHD is a defect of the heart that exists primarily at birth, and can describe a wide variety of different abnormalities affecting the heart.
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MeSH D009202 Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease", is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both.
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Hypertensive heart disease
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 11. , I 13.
ICD-9 402
Hypertensive heart disease is any of a number of complications of arterial hypertension that affect the heart.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 11. , I 13.
ICD-9 402
Hypertensive heart disease is any of a number of complications of arterial hypertension that affect the heart.
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MeSH D002311 Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM, also known as congestive cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and cannot pump blood efficiently.
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orthotopic procedure. Notice how the back of the patient's left atrium and great vessels are left in place.]] Heart transplantation or cardiac transplantation
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The left ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve.
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MeSH D002312
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) in which a portion of the myocardium is hypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) in which a portion of the myocardium is hypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause.
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A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. While some diseases, such as cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired in a few cells during life, the term "genetic disease" most commonly refers to diseases present in all cells of the body
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mutations are changes to the base pair sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can occur deliberately
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A sarcomere is the basic unit of a muscle's cross-striated myofibril. Sarcomeres are multi-protein complexes composed of three different filament systems.
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- The thick filament system is composed of myosin protein which is connected from the M-line to the Z-disc by Titin
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MeSH D019571 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD, also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy or ARVC) is a type of nonischemic cardiomyopathy that involves primarily the right ventricle.
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The right ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) in the human heart. It receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve.
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MeSH D002313 Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common cardiomyopathy. It is called this because it restricts the heart from stretching and filling with blood properly.
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Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC),sometimes known as "spongiform cardiomyopathy" is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy that affects both children and adults. It refers to a type of cardiomyopathy where the myocardial development is hindered while the baby is in the womb during the
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MeSH D002318 Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to
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Diabetes mellitus
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Hypertension
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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Hyperhomocysteinemia
Classification & external resources
Homocysteine
DiseasesDB 29853
eMedicine neuro/578
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally large level of homocysteine in the blood.
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Classification & external resources
Homocysteine
DiseasesDB 29853
eMedicine neuro/578
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally large level of homocysteine in the blood.
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Hypercholesterolemia
Classification & external resources
Cholesterol
ICD-10 E 78.0
ICD-9 272.0
DiseasesDB 6226
eMedicine med/1073
MeSH D006937 Hypercholesterolemia
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Classification & external resources
Cholesterol
ICD-10 E 78.0
ICD-9 272.0
DiseasesDB 6226
eMedicine med/1073
MeSH D006937 Hypercholesterolemia
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