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The Hadal Zone is the deepest part of the marine environment.


“Hadal” redirects here. For the album by Velcra, see Hadal (album).


Hadal zone (or Hadopelagic zone) is the delineation for the deepest trenches in the ocean. This zone is found from a depth of around 6000m (19,700 ft) to the bottom of the ocean. ‘Hadal’ means Hades-like.

Conditions

In 1960, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh reached the Marianas Trench, the deepest trench on Earth, and observed life.[1] It is believed that most life at this depth is sustained by marine snow or the chemical reactions around thermal vents. The lack of light and intense pressure create hostile living conditions, and few species are adapted to these conditions. As no sunlight reaches this layer of the ocean, deep sea creatures have adapted with reduced eyesight, having very large eyes for receiving only bioluminescent flashes. Most of the bottom dwelling creatures lack any pigmentation since coloration is not useful in an environment with no light.

The pressure here can reach over 1100 atmospheres (about 16,200 psi). Creatures removed from this zone will die in the lower-pressure areas above.[2] The most common creatures include jellyfish, viperfish, tube worms, clams, and the deep sea angler fish.[3] The hadal zone can reach far below 6,000 meters (20,000 feet) deep; the deepest known is at 10,911 m.

Notes and references

Hadal
(2007)

Hadal is the third album by Velcra released in 2007.

Track listing

All tracks written by Jessi Frey and O.D.
  1. "The Big Sleep" – 5:58
  2. "White Knuckle Mountains" – 6:18
  3. "New Recruit" – 3:51

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Hades (from Greek Άδης, Hadēs, originally Άιδης, Haidēs or Άΐδης
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1930s  1940s  1950s  - 1960s -  1970s  1980s  1990s
1957 1958 1959 - 1960 - 1961 1962 1963

Year 1960 (MCMLX
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Jacques Piccard (born July 28, 1922) is a Swiss explorer and engineer, known for having developed underwater vehicles for studying ocean currents. He is the only person (as of 2006), along with Lt.
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Don Walsh (b. 1931) became a United States Navy commissioned officer after graduating from the US Naval Academy in 1954 . He and Jacques Piccard were aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste when it made a record-breaking descent into the Challenger Deep.
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Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench) is the deepest known submarine trench, with a maximum depth of about 11 km (6.8 mi), and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust.
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marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone.
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deep sea, or deep layer[1] is the lowest layer in the ocean, existing below the thermocline. Little or no light penetrates this area of the ocean, and most of its organisms rely on falling organic matter produced in the photic zone for subsistence.
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Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy.
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Standard atmosphere is a pressure defined as 101 325 Pa and used as unit of pressure (symbol: atm). Standard atmosphere is a non-SI unit that is internationally recognized.
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pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: psi or lbf/sq in) is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units.
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Scyphozoa
Goette, 1887

Orders

Stauromedusae
Coronatae
Semaeostomeae
Rhizostomae
Jellyfish are marine invertebrates belonging to the Class Scyphozoa within the Phylum Cnidaria. They can be found in every ocean in the world.
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Chauliodus
Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Species
See text.

A viperfish is a deepwater fish in the genus Chauliodus, with long, needle-like teeth and hinged lower jaws. They grow to lengths of 30 to 60 cm (14 inches).
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R. pachyptila

Binomial name
Riftia pachyptila
M. L. Jones, 1981

Giant tube worms are marine invertebrates in the phylum Vestimentifera (formerly grouped in phylum Pogonophora) related to
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Lophiiformes

Suborders

Antennarioidei
Lophioidei
Ogcocephalioidei
See text for families.

Anglerfish are bony fish in the order Lophiiformes[1]
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Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench) is the deepest known submarine trench, with a maximum depth of about 11 km (6.8 mi), and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust.
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February 1 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

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