Information about Geothermal (geology)
- For other uses see Geothermal (disambiguation)
)
Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Partially to scale.
In geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet. Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to the Earth but the concept may be applied to other planets.
Geothermal is technically an adjective (e.g., geothermal energy) but in U.S. English the word has attained frequent use as a noun (otherwise expressed as g. heat, g. source, or geotherm).
The planet's internal heat was originally generated during its accretion, due to gravitational binding energy, and since then additional heat has continued to be generated by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. The heat flow from the interior to the surface is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.
Sources
Temperature within the Earth increases with increasing depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 1,200 and 2,200 °F (650 to 1,200 °C) is postulated to exist everywhere beneath the Earth's surface at depths of 50 to 60 miles (80 to 100 kilometers), and the temperature at the Earth's center, nearly 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) deep, is estimated to be 5650 ± 600 kelvins.[1] [2]- Much of the heat is believed to be created by decay of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements within the mantle.[3]
- Heat of impact and compression released during the original formation of the Earth by accretion of in-falling meteorites.
- Heat released from the sinking of abundant heavy metals (iron, nickel, copper) as they descended to form the Earth's core.
- Some heat may be created by electromagnetic effects of the magnetic fields involved in Earth's magnetic field.
- Heat generated within the Earth's core may be in the range of 4–10 TW.[4]
- Heat may be generated by tidal force on the Earth as it rotates, since land cannot flow like water it compress and distorts, generating heat.
Heat flow
Heat flows constantly from its sources within the Earth to the surface. Global terrestrial heat flow is about 45 TW (1 TW = 1012 watts).Hot spots
Geothermal heat at the surface is highly concentrated where magma is close to the surface. This primarily occurs in volcanic and hotspot areas and at spreading ridge areas.References
1. ^ Alfe, D.; M. J. Gillan, G. D. Price (2003-02-01). "Thermodynamics from first principles: temperature and composition of the Earths core" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine 67 (1): 113-123. doi:10.1180/0026461026610089. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
2. ^ Steinle-Neumann, Gerd, Lars Stixrude, Ronald Cohen. "New Understanding of Earth’s Inner Core", Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2001-09-05. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
3. ^ Anuta, Joe. "Probing Question: What heats the earth's core?", physorg.com, 2006-03-30. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
4. ^ Hollenbach, D. F.; J. M. Herndon (2001-09-25). "Thermodynamics from first principles: temperature and composition of the Earths core". PNAS 98 (20): 11085-11090. doi:10.1073/pnas.201393998. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
Geothermal Resources. DOE/EIA-0603(95) Background Information and 1990 Baseline Data Initially Published in the Renewable Energy Annual 1995. Retrieved on May 4, 2005.
2. ^ Steinle-Neumann, Gerd, Lars Stixrude, Ronald Cohen. "New Understanding of Earth’s Inner Core", Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2001-09-05. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
3. ^ Anuta, Joe. "Probing Question: What heats the earth's core?", physorg.com, 2006-03-30. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
4. ^ Hollenbach, D. F.; J. M. Herndon (2001-09-25). "Thermodynamics from first principles: temperature and composition of the Earths core". PNAS 98 (20): 11085-11090. doi:10.1073/pnas.201393998. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
See also
Geothermal may refer to:
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- Geothermal (geology), heat that comes from within the Earth
- Geothermal desalination, the production of fresh water using heat energy extracted from underground rocks
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Oceanic crust 0-20 Ma
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EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001. Their greatest hit, their debut single "time after time", peaked at #13 in the Oricon singles chart.
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Examples
A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
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A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
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In astrophysics, the term accretion is used for at least two distinct processes.
The first and most common is the growth of a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter in an accretion disc.
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The first and most common is the growth of a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter in an accretion disc.
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The gravitational binding energy of an object consisting of loose material, held together by gravity alone, is the amount of energy required to pull all of the material apart, to infinity.
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Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide
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Uranium (IPA: /jʊˈreɪniəm/)is a white/black metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table that has the symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Thorium (IPA: /ˈθɔːriəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Th and atomic number 90.
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Potassium (IPA: /pə(ʊ)ˈtasiəm/, /pə'tæsiəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol K (Arabic: al qalja
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The Sun
Observation data
Mean distance
from Earth 1.4961011 m
(8.31 min at light speed)
Visual brightness (V) −26.74m [1]
Absolute magnitude 4.
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Observation data
Mean distance
from Earth 1.4961011 m
(8.31 min at light speed)
Visual brightness (V) −26.74m [1]
Absolute magnitude 4.
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The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero — the coldest possible temperature — is zero kelvins
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Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide
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A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earth's surface without being destroyed. While in space it is called a meteoroid.
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For other uses, see Heavy metal (disambiguation).
A heavy metal is any of a number of higher atomic weight elements, which has the properties of a metallic substance at room temperature...... Click the link for more information.
3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 737.1 kJmol−1
2nd: 1753.0 kJmol−1
3rd: 3395 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 737.1 kJmol−1
2nd: 1753.0 kJmol−1
3rd: 3395 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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magnetic field is a field that permeates space and which exerts a magnetic force on moving electric charges and magnetic dipoles. Magnetic fields surround electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields.
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Earth's magnetic field (and the surface magnetic field) is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the north pole (see Magnetic North Pole) and the other near the geographic south pole (see Magnetic South Pole).
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tidal force is a secondary effect of the force of gravity and is responsible for the tides. It arises because the gravitational field is not constant across a body's diameter.
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Magma (Plurals: magmas and magmata) is molten rock located beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other terrestrial planet) that often collects in a magma chamber. Magma may contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles.
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Volcano:
1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14.
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1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14.
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hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time. J. Tuzo Wilson came up with the idea in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a "fixed" hot spot
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mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent
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digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique identifying number that can be used by anyone to locate details of the paper, and
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digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique identifying number that can be used by anyone to locate details of the paper, and
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20th century - 21st century
1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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