Information about Flame Test
The flame test is a procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in general also depends on temperature; see flame color.
The test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous bunsen flame, and observing the colour that results. Samples are usually held on a platinum wire cleaned repeatedly with hydrochloric acid to remove traces of previous analytes.[1] In high-school chemistry courses, wooden splints are sometimes used, mostly because solutions can be dried onto them, and they are inexpensive. Nichrome wire is also sometimes used.[1] When using a splint, one must be careful to wave the splint through the flame rather than holding it in the flame for extended periods, to avoid setting the splint itself on fire.
Sodium is a common component or contaminant in many compounds and its spectrum tends to dominate over others. The test flame is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the yellow of sodium and allow for easier viewing of other metal ions.
The flame test is fast and easy to perform, and does not require any equipment not usually found in a chemistry laboratory. However, the range of detected elements is small, and the test relies on the subjective experience of the experimenter rather than any objective measurements. The test has difficulty detecting small concentrations of some elements, while too strong a result may be produced for certain others, which tends to drown out weaker signals. Finally, the test only gives qualitative information, not quantitative data about the actual proportion of elements in the sample.
Common metals
Some common metals and corresponding colors are:| Symbol | Name | Color |
|---|---|---|
| As | Arsenic | Blue |
| B | Boron | Bright Green |
| Ba | Barium | Light Green |
| Ca | Calcium | Brick red |
| Cs | Cesium | Pale violet |
| Cu(I) | Copper(I) | Blue |
| Cu(II) | Copper(II) (non-halide) | Green |
| Cu(II) | Copper(II) (halide) | Blue-green |
| Fe | Iron | Gold |
| In | Indium | Blue |
| K | Potassium | Lilac |
| Li | Lithium | crimson |
| Mg | Magnesium | Brilliant white |
| Mn(II) | Manganese(II) | Yellowish green |
| Mo | Molybdenum | Yellowish green |
| Na | Sodium | Intense Yellow |
| P | Phosphorus | Pale bluish green |
| Pb | Lead | white/blue |
| Rb | Rubidium | Pale violet |
| Sb | Antimony | Pale green |
| Se | Selenium | Azure blue |
| Sr | Strontium | Crimson |
| Te | Tellurium | Pale green |
| Tl | Thallium | Pure green |
| Zn | Zinc | Bluish Green |
) Gas flame | ) Gas flame seen through cobalt glass | ) Flame test on copper sulfate | ) Flame test on copper sulfate seen through cobalt glass |
) Flame test on sodium carbonate | ) Flame test on sodium carbonate seen through cobalt glass |
See also
References
External links
- Flame Test - Colouring Fire - Pictures of Several Flame Tests, Includes Instructions
- WebMineral.com - Flame Coloration by Element
- All Info About Chemistry - How to Do Flame Tests
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The Macro Expansion Template Attribute Language complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across template files. Both were created for Zope but are used in other Python projects as well.
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chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons.
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An element's emission spectrum is the relative intensity of electromagnetic radiation of each frequency it emits when it is heated (or more generally when it is excited).
When the electrons in the element are excited, they jump to higher energy levels.
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When the electrons in the element are excited, they jump to higher energy levels.
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FLAME (born Marcus T.W. Gray) is a Christian rapper signed to Cross Movement Records[1] He met the Cross Movement crew in Chicago after a concert. Flame, being a big fan, gave some of his work to the group, and Tonic (John Wells) was impressed.
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Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.
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History
A common misconception is that the Bunsen burner was invented by German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Christian Schonbein...... Click the link for more information.
Nichrome is a brand name for a nickel-chromium resistance wire, a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. A common alloy is 80% nickel and 20% chromium, but there are many others to accommodate various applications.
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Sodium (IPA: /ˈsəʊdiəm/) is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, common oxidation number +1.
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Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment.
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Cobalt glass is a deep blue colored glass prepared by adding cobalt compounds to the molten glass. It is appreciated for its attractive color and is also used as an optical filter in flame tests to filter out the yellow flame caused by the contamination of sodium, and
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Sodium (IPA: /ˈsəʊdiəm/) is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, common oxidation number +1.
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In reason, subjectivity refers to the property of perceptions, arguments, and language as being based in a subject's point of view, and hence influenced in accordance with a particular bias.
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"Qualitative" is an important qualifier in the following subject titles:and
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- Qualitative marketing research
- Qualitative research
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A quantitative attribute is one that exists in a range of magnitudes, and can therefore be measured. Measurements of any particular quantitative property are expressed as a specific quantity, referred to as a unit, multiplied by a number.
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3, 5
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.18 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 947.0 kJmol−1
2nd: 1798 kJmol−1
3rd: 2735 kJmol−1
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.18 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 947.0 kJmol−1
2nd: 1798 kJmol−1
3rd: 2735 kJmol−1
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The term blue may refer to any of a number of similar colours. The sensation of blue is made by light having a spectrum dominated by energy in the wavelength range of about 440–490 nm.
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Boron (IPA: /ˈbɔːrɒn/) is a chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. A trivalent compound containing boron occurs abundantly in the ore borax.
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Green is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colors.
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Barium (IPA: /ˈbɛːɹiəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal.
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Green is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colors.
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Calcium (IPA: /ˈkalsiəm/) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078.
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Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625–750 nm.
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Caesium (also spelled cesium, IPA: /ˈsiːziəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cs and atomic number 55.
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As the name of a color, violet (named after the flower violet) is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nm when indigo is recognized, or more commonly 380–450 nm[1]
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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The term blue may refer to any of a number of similar colours. The sensation of blue is made by light having a spectrum dominated by energy in the wavelength range of about 440–490 nm.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or astatide compound. Many salts are halides.
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Green is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colors.
..... Click the link for more information.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
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