Information about Feud

A feud (IPA [fjud]) is a long-running argument or fight between parties—often, through guilt by association, groups of people, especially families or clans. Feuds tend to begin because one party (correctly or incorrectly) perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another. A long-running cycle of retaliation, often involving the original parties' family members and/or associates, then ensues. Feuds can last for generations.

Blood feuds/vendetta

A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits or their relatives. Historically, the word vendetta has been used to mean a blood feud. The word is Italian, and originates from the Latin vindicta, "vengeance." In modern times, the word is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed.

Famous blood feuds

• The Njál's saga, an Icelandic account of a Celtic-Nordic blood feud
• The Percy - Neville feud (1450s; England)
• The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487; England)
• The Campbell - MacDonald feud, including the Massacre of Glencoe (1692; Scottland)
• The Donnelly - Biddulph community feud (1857-1880; Ontario, Canada)
• The Clanton/McLaury - Earp feud, also known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1881; Arizona, USA)
• The Hatfield - McCoy feud (1878–1891; West Virginia & Kentucky, USA)
• The Pleasant Valley War, also known as the Tonto Basin Feud (1882-1892; Arizona, USA)
• The Capone - Moran feud, including the St. Valentine's Day massacre (1925-1930; Chicago, Illinois, USA)
• The Gunn - Keith feud
• The Talbot - Berkeley feud
• The Feud of Scampia (2004-2005; Naples, Italy)

Fictional blood feuds

• The Interlopers a short story by Saki, is a multi-generational feud between the families of Georg Znaeym and Ulrich von Gradwitz.
• The Atreides - Harkonnen feud from Frank Herbert's Dune (novel)
• The Corleone - Tattaglia feud from Mario Puzo's The Godfather
• The Montague - Capulet feud, from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
• The Grangerford - Shepherdson feud, from Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.
• The Barnes - Ewing feud, from the soap opera Dallas
• The Kryeqyqe - Berisha feud, from Ismail Kadare's novel, Broken April
• The Bill Gates - Thisistheend 360 RRoD/Halo 3 Feud

Vendetta history

Originally, a vendetta was a blood feud between two families where kinsmen of the victim intended to avenge his or her death by killing either those responsible for the killing or some of their relatives. The responsibility to maintain the vendetta usually falls on the closest male relative to whoever has been killed or wronged, but other members of the family may take the mantle as well. If the culprit had disappeared or was already dead, the vengeance could extend to other relatives.

Vendetta is typical of societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state doesn't consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute) where family and kinship ties are the main source of authority. An entire family is considered responsible for whatever one of them has done. Sometimes even two separate branches of the same family could come to blows over some matter.

The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility of punishing the lawbreakers.

The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye," and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland, Ireland. Due to the Celtic heritage of many whites living in Appalachia, a series of prolonged violent engagements in late nineteenth century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, authors who both wrote semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents, the most famous of which being the Hatfield-McCoy feud, were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the 1880s and the early twentieth century. Although they were interpreted as such at the time, there is little reason to believe that these American incidents had any correlation to "feuding" in Europe centuries earlier.

In Japan's feudal past the Samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, or their lord by katakiuchi (敵討ち), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the 47 Ronin, others were given official permission with specific targets.

The Central Asian plateau (north of China) at the time of Genghis Khan’s youth was divided into several nomadic tribes or confederations, among them Naimans, Merkits, Uyghurs, Tatars, Mongols, Keraits that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other as evidenced by frequent raids, revenges, and plundering.

Traditions similar to vendetta have existed almost everywhere, Albanians, Montenegrins, Basques, Berbers and Circassians.

The Clan Gordon was at one point one of the most powerful clans in middle Scotland. Clan feuds and battles were frequent, especially with the Clan Cameron, Clan Murray, Clan Forbes and the Chattan Confederation.

In Corsica, vendetta was a social code that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. It has been estimated that between 1683 and 1715, nearly 30,000 out of 120,000 Corsicans lost their lives to vendetta.[1]

Throughout history, the Maniots - one of Greece's toughest populations -have been known by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds. Some vendettas went on for months and sometimes years. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and when they got the chance murder members of the opposing family.[2]

The Basque Country in the Late Middle Ages was ravaged by bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In Navarre these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Bizkaia, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. (Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, sometimes by royal decree.

Leontiy Lyulye, an expert on the conditions in the Caucasus, wrote in the mid 19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul Kadar one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans protracted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century till the 1860s.

An alternative to feud was the blood money (or weregild in the Norse culture), which demanded payment of some kind from those responsible for a wrongful death. If these payments were not made, or refused by the offended party, a blood feud would ensue.

Vendetta in modern times

Vendetta is reputedly still practiced in some areas in Corsica and Italy (especially Sardinia, Campania, Sicily and Calabria), in Crete (Greece), in eastern regions of Turkey, in northern Albania, among Pashtuns in Afghanistan, among the Arab Bedouins and Arab tribes inhabiting the mountains of Yemen and among the highland tribes of New Guinea, in Svaneti, in the mountainous areas of Dagestan, many northern areas of Georgia and Azerbaijan, a number of republics of the northern Caucasus and essentially among Chechen teips where those seeking retribution do not accept or respect the local law enforcement authority. Vendettas are generally based on a perceived or actual indifference on behalf of local law enforcement.

In Albania, more than 2,500 Albanian families are currently engaged in blood feuds. There are now more than 20,000 men and boys who live under an ever-present death sentence because of blood feuds. Since 1992, at least 5,000 Albanians have been killed due to blood feuds.

Mutual vendetta may develop into a vicious circle of further killings, retaliation, counterattacks and all-out warfare that can end in the mutual extinction of both families. Often the original cause is forgotten, and feuds continue simply because it is perceived that there has always been a feud.

Some of the gang wars between organized crime groups are effectively forms of vendetta, where the criminal organization (like the Mafia "family") has taken the place of blood relatives.

In Muslim world there are many examples of sectarian violence between Shiite and Sunni Muslims. "Sectarian violence" became a commonly used phrase by the Bush Administration in place of the term "civil war" when referring to the war in Iraq.

Hip-hop feuds

Main article: Hip hop rivalries

In modern hip-hop, rappers notoriously engage in verbal warfare with one another, which occasionally spills over into actual violence and sometimes murder. The most high-profile feud in rap was the Tupac - Notorious BIG Feud, which included several shootings and attacks on friends of both icons. It culminated with the highly publicized killings of Tupac Shakur in 1996 and The Notorious BIG in 1997. A list of all feuds can be found on CelebrityFeuds.comOther notable rap feuds have included:

• 2Pac & the Notorious B.I.G.
• Jay-Z & Nas
• 50 Cent & Ja Rule
• Boogie Down Productions & Juice Crew
• Eminem & Benzino
• Dr. Dre & Eazy-E
• Ice Cube & NWA
• DMX & Ja Rule
• 50 Cent & The Game
• Insane Clown Posse & Eminem
• KRS-One & Nelly
• LL Cool J & Canibus

Reggaetón feuds

Main article: Tiraera

Much like Hip Hop, Reggaetón is an Urban music genre, which has notoriously involved many feuds between artists who engage in lyrical warfare with one another, which sometimes escalates to violence. Many Reggaetóneros have released diss tracks attacking other artists, which have lead to many notable feuds. Some of this include:

• Daddy Yankee vs Don Omar
• Tempo vs Lito y Polaco
• Calle 13 vs Wisin & Yandel
• Baby Records vs WY Records

Wrestling feuds

Main article: Feud (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a feud is a staged disagreement between two wrestlers or factions.

External links

• BBC: In pictures: Egypt vendetta ends May, 2005, One of the most enduring and bloody family feuds of modern times in Upper Egypt has ended with a tense ceremony of humiliation and forgiveness. Police are very edgy. After lengthy peace talks, no one knows if the penance - and a large payment of blood money - will end the vendetta which began in 1991 with a children's fight.
• Blood feud in Caucasus
• Albania: Feuding families…bitter lives
• Blood feuds blight Albanian lives
• Thousands fear as blood feuds sweep Albania
• Chad: Clan Feuds Creating Tinderbox of Conflict
• Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge
• Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war
• Bedouin family feud
• A “Yakuza War” has started in Central Tokyo
• Gangs clash in Nigerian oil city
• NZ authorities fear retaliatory attacks between rival gangs
• Gang mayhem grips LA
• Mafia feuds bring bloodshed to Naples' streets
• Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence
• Mexico drugs cartels feud erupts
• State Attorney: Problems Posed By Haitian Gangs Growing
• Calabrian clan feud suspected in slayings
• Violent ethnic war looms between Filipino and Vietnamese gangs
• Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonesia's Papua
• Crow Creek Massacre

See also

>

Black Donnellys Clan Mafia Blood Law Blood money Gang violence San Luca feud Bedouin blood feud

Kanun Revenge Hatfields and McCoys Punti-Hakka Clan Wars Honour killing Endemic warfare Crow Creek massacre Gjakmarrja (Albanian blood feuds)