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Information about Fertility Medication

Fertility medication may in a larger sense include any medication that enhances fertility, but in a specific sense consists of agents that stimulate follicle development of the ovary. It is a variant of assisted reproductive technology.

Agents that enhance ovarian activity can be classified as either Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Estrogen antagonists or Gonadotropins.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Main article: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone


Either Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) itself or any of its agonist may be used. GnRH releases gonadotropins from the hypothalamus in the body. GnRH agonists includes i.e. Lupron.

Estrogen antagonists

Fertility medication inhibiting the effects of estrogen includes Clomiphene citrate and Aromatase inhibitors.

Clomiphene citrate

Main article: Clomiphene citrate
Clomiphene citrate is a SERM. It inhibits the negative feedback of estrogen and therefore stimulates ovulation.

Aromatase inhibitors

Main article: Aromatase inhibitor
Although primarily a breast cancer treatment, aromatase inhibitors can also work as fertility medication, probably by a mechanism similar to clomiphene citrate.

Gonadotropins

Gonadotropins are the hormones in the body that normally stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries). For medication, they can be extracted from urine or by genetic modification.

Menotropins

Main article: Menotropins
Menotropins are urinary gonadotropins, i.e. they are extracted from the urine.

Recombinant gonadotropins

Recombinant gonadotropins are gonadotropins created by inserting the DNA coding it into bacteriae. The bacterial DNA is then called Recombinant DNA. Examples of recombinant FSH are Follistim and Gonal F, while Luveris is a recombinant LH.

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Main article: Human chorionic gonadotropin#Use as medication
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is normally produced during pregnancy. However, it can also replace LH as a fertility medication.

Adverse effects

Estrogen antagonists and gonadotropins may stimulate multiple follicles and other ovarian hormones leading to multiple birth and possible ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

See also

Manufacturers: EMD Serono

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Major Drug Groups
Gastrointestinal tract (A)Antacids • Antiemetics  • H₂-receptor antagonists • Proton pump inhibitors • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals
Blood and blood forming organs (B)Anticoagulants • Antiplatelets • Thrombolytics
Cardiovascular system (C)Antiarrhythmics • Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Antianginals • Beta blockers • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors • Antihyperlipidemics
Skin (D)Antipruritics
Reproductive system (G)Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • Selective estrogen receptor modulators • Sex hormones
Endocrine system (H)Anti-diabetics • Corticosteroids • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones
Infections and Infestations (J, P)Antibiotics • Antivirals • Vaccines • Antifungals • Antiprotozoals • Anthelmintics
Malignant and Immune disease (L)Anticancer agents • Immunosuppressants
Muscles, Bones, and Joints (M)Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants
Brain and Nervous system (N)Anesthetics • Analgesics • Anticonvulsants • Mood stabilizers  • Anxiolytics • Antipsychotics • Antidepressants • Nervous system stimulants
Respiratory system (R)Bronchodilators • Decongestants  • Antihistamines
Fertility is the natural capability of giving life. As a measure, "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple, person or population. This is different to fecundity, which is defined as the potential
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Ovarian follicles are the basic unit of female reproductive biology, they are roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg).
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For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants)
An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. They are usually purple. It is often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system.
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Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a general term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. It is reproductive technology used in infertility treatment, which is the only application routinely used today of
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), also known as Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
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Estrogens (alternative spellings: oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.
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In literature, the antagonist is that against which the main character or protagonist contends. [1] An antagonist is often a Villain, but may be a force of nature, set of circumstances, an animal, or other force that is in conflict with the protaganist.
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Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates.

Gonadotropin is sometimes abbreviated Gn. The British spelling is gonadotrophin.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), also known as Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
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A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a synthetic peptide modeled after the hypothalamic neurohormone GnRH that interacts with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to elicit its biologic response, the release of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH.
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Estrogens (alternative spellings: oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.
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Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) or Clomid or Clomifert is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e.g. due to polycystic ovary syndrome). In some countries, it is also registered for use in men.
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Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women that block the aromatase enzyme.

Type I and II

AIs are categorized into two types: [1]

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Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) or Clomid or Clomifert is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e.g. due to polycystic ovary syndrome). In some countries, it is also registered for use in men.
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Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of medication that acts on the estrogen receptor.[1] A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure receptor agonists and antagonists is that their action is different in various tissues,
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Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women that block the aromatase enzyme.

Type I and II

AIs are categorized into two types: [1]

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Gonadotropins are protein hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of vertebrates.

Gonadotropin is sometimes abbreviated Gn. The British spelling is gonadotrophin.
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The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes and the gonads in females are the ovaries. The product, gametes, are haploid germ cells. For example, sperm and egg cells are gametes.
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Menotropin is an active substance for the treatment of fertility disturbances.

It is extracted from human urine and contains the two gonadotropin hormones LH and FSH.

Menotropin medications include Bravelle ®, Menopur ® and Pergonal ®.
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Recombinant DNA is a form of artificial DNA which is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands, thereby combining DNA sequences which would not normally occur together.
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multiple birth occurs when more than one fetus is carried to term in a single pregnancy. Different names for multiple birth are utilized, depending on the number of offspring. Common multiples are two and three, known as twins and triplets respectively.
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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication from some forms of fertility medication. Most cases are mild, but a small proportion is severe.

Symptoms

Symptoms are set into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe.
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Ferring Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company that specializes on the development and marketing of peptides for the use in human medicine. It was founded by Frederik Paulsen in Malmö, Sweden in 1950 initially as the Nordiska Hormon Laboratoriet, renamed Ferring
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Organon is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Roseland, New Jersey that is part of Akzo Nobel.

Organon deals in the following core therapeutic fields: reproductive medicine, contraception, psychiatry, HRT and anesthesia. Organon sells to international markets.
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gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also called the digestive tract, or the alimentary canal, is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.
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A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.

A Alimentary tract and metabolism

A01 Stomatological preparations
A02 Drugs for acid related disorders
A03 Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders

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An antacid is any substance, generally a base, which counteracts stomach acidity. In other words, antacids are stomach acid neutralizers.

Action mechanism

Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e.
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An anti-emetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Anti-emetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics and chemotherapy directed against cancer.
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Proton pump inhibitors (or "PPI"s) are a group of drugs whose main action is pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available today.
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Laxatives are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements, most often taken to treat constipation. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations. They are sometimes supplemented by enemas.
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