Information about Expectation
This article is about the concept of expectation as a thought or belief. For expectation in the context of probability theory and statistics, see expected value.
In the case of uncertainty, expectation is what is considered the most likely to happen. An expectation, which is a belief that is centred on the future, may or may not be realistic. A less advantageous result gives rise to the emotion of disappointment. If something happens that is not at all expected it is a surprise. An expectation about the behavior or performance of another person, expressed to that person, may have the nature of a strong request, or an order.
Particularly in social sciences including game theory, expectation plays one of the central roles. In game theory, a Nash equilibrium constitutes a correct and stable set of expectations held by the players. Various other solution concepts of games such as rationalizability have been proposed according to how much knowledge players have on the expectation of other players' actions.
See also
- Collective belief
- Culture-specific syndrome
- Delusion
- Folk psychology
- Gettier problem
- Nocebo
- Observer-expectancy effect
- Placebo
- Propositional attitude
- Propositional knowledge
- Self-deception
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Subject-expectancy effect
- Suggestibility
- Suggestion
- Truth
- Thomas theorem
- Unintended consequence
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena.[1] The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic processes, and events: mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured quantities
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Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, from the physical and social sciences to the humanities.
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expected value (or mathematical expectation, or mean) of a discrete random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by the outcome value (or payoff).
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Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including philosophy, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, engineering and science.
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Belief is the psychological state in which an individual is convinced of the truth or validity of a proposition or premise (argument). Belief does not necessarily confer the ability to adequately prove one's main contention to other people, who may disagree.
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In a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the time line that has yet to occur, i.e. the place in space-time where lie all events that still will or may occur.
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emotion is a "complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements, by which the individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter of event.
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Surprise may refer to:
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- Surprise (emotion)
- Surprise party, a party of which the honored person is not told of beforehand.
- Surprise factor, the fundamental element in humor that puts a twist on familiar subjects
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Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is often used in the context of economics. It studies strategic interactions between agents. In strategic games, agents choose strategies which will maximize their return, given the strategies the other agents choose.
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In game theory, the Nash equilibrium (named after John Forbes Nash, who proposed it) is a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which no player has anything to gain by changing only his or her own strategy unilaterally.
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In game theory, rationalizability or rationalizable equilibria is a solution concept which generalizes Nash equilibrium. The general idea is to provide the weakest constraints on players while still requiring rational players.
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A collective belief is referred to when people speak of what 'we' believe when this is not simply elliptical for what 'we all' believe.
Sociologist Émile Durkheim wrote of collective beliefs and proposed that they, like all 'social facts', 'inhered in' social groups as
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Sociologist Émile Durkheim wrote of collective beliefs and proposed that they, like all 'social facts', 'inhered in' social groups as
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In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-specific syndrome or culture-bound syndrome is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.
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Delusion
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F22
ICD-9 297
A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F22
ICD-9 297
A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception.
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Folk psychology (sometimes called naïve psychology, common sense psychology or vernacular psychology) is the set of background assumptions, socially-conditioned prejudices and convictions that are implicit in our everyday descriptions of others' behavior and in
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The Gettier problem is considered a problem in modern epistemology or first-order logic, issuing from counter-examples to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief, and dealing extensively with the concept of justified true belief (JTB), and the scope of the concept of
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In its original application, "nocebo" had a very specific meaning in the medical domains of pharmacology, and nosology, and aetiology.
It was a subject-oriented adjective that was used to label the harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable reactions (or responses) that a subject
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It was a subject-oriented adjective that was used to label the harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable reactions (or responses) that a subject
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observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a cognitive bias found in science that occurs when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment
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Placebo effect is the term applied by medical science to the therapeutical and healing effects of inert medicines and/or ritualistic or faith healing manipulations.[1] [2].
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A propositional attitude is a relational mental state connecting a person to a proposition. They are often assumed to be the simplest components of thought and can express meanings or content that can be true or false.
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Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the species of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions.
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Self-deception is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument.
It has been argued that humans are, without exception, highly susceptible to self-deception, as everyone has emotional
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It has been argued that humans are, without exception, highly susceptible to self-deception, as everyone has emotional
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A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true. Although examples of such prophecies can be found in human literature as far back as ancient Greece and ancient India, it is 20th-century sociologist Robert K.
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The Subject-expectancy effect, in science, is a cognitive bias that occurs in science when a subject expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or reports the expected result.
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A person is deemed to be suggestible if they accept and act on suggestions by others.
A person experiencing intense emotions tends to be more receptive to ideas and therefore more suggestible.
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A person experiencing intense emotions tends to be more receptive to ideas and therefore more suggestible.
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Suggestion is the name given to the psychological process by which one person may guide the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another.
For nineteenth century writers on psychology such as William James the words "suggest" and "suggestion"
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For nineteenth century writers on psychology such as William James the words "suggest" and "suggestion"
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truth extends from honesty, good faith, and sincerity in general, to agreement with fact or reality in particular.[1] The term has no single definition about which the majority of professional philosophers and scholars agree.
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The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology, namely
The theorem was formulated by William I.
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- "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." [1]
The theorem was formulated by William I.
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For the 1996 novel by John Ross, see .
Unintended consequences are situations where an action results in an outcome that is not (or not only) what is intended.
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