Dysplasia

Information about Dysplasia

This article covers dysplasia, a pre-cancerous change in cells and tissues. For information about hip dysplasia, a clinical condition affecting the hip joint, please see the article on Hip dysplasia.

Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: "bad form") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, in-situ neoplasm. For example, epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a disorder commonly detected by an abnormal pap smear) consists of an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to the deeper soft tissues. Myelodysplastic syndromes, or dysplasia of blood-forming cells, show increased numbers of immature cells in the bone marrow, and a decrease in mature, functional cells in the blood.

Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed, can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type.

Dysplasia vs. carcinoma in situ vs. invasive carcinoma

These terms are related since they represent the three steps in the progression of many malignant neoplasms (cancers) of epithelial tissues.

Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a pap smear or in a biopsy by a pathologist. Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade (see "Carcinoma in situ", below). The risk of low grade dysplasia transforming into high grade dysplasia and, eventually, cancer is low. Treatment is usually straightforward. High grade dysplasia represents a more advanced progression towards malignant transformation.
Carcinoma in situ , meaning 'cancer in place', represents the transformation of a neoplastic lesion to one in which cells undergo essentially no maturation, and thus may be considered cancer-like. In this state, cells have lost their tissue identity and have reverted back to a primitive cell form that grows rapidly and without regulation. However, this form of cancer remains localized, and has not invaded into tissues below the surface.
Invasive carcinoma is the final step in this sequence. It is a cancer which has invaded beyond the original tissue layer and may be able to spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). Invasive cancer can usually be treated, but not always successfully. However, if left untreated it is almost always fatal.

References

Richard Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence Weiss, Noel Weidner (Editor). Modern Surgical Pathology (2 Volume Set). London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7253-1.
Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins (Editor) (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, sixth edition. London: W B Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7335-X.
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1985, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia

• • [ e] Pathology: Tumors, neoplasia, and oncology (, )
Benign tumors	Hyperplasia - Cyst - Pseudocyst - Hamartoma - Benign neoplasm
Malignant progression	Dysplasia - Carcinoma in situ - Invasive cancer - Metastasis
Topography	Anus - Bladder - Bile duct - Bone - Brain - Breast - Cervix - Colon/rectum - Endometrium - Esophagus - Eye - Gallbladder - Head/Neck - Liver - Kidney - Larynx - Lung - Mediastinum (chest) - Mouth - Ovaries - Pancreas - Penis - Prostate - Skin - Small intestine - Stomach - Tailbone - Testicles - Thyroid
Misc.	Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes - Staging/grading - Carcinogenesis - Carcinogen - Research - Paraneoplastic phenomenon - List of oncology-related terms

Hip dysplasia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 Q 65.2
ICD-9 754.3

OMIM 142700
DiseasesDB 3056

MeSH D006618

For a different condition related to pre-cancerous changes in cellular structures, see Dysplasia.

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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.

The study of tissue is known as histology, or, in connection with disease, histopathology.
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Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal and purposeless proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. A neoplastic growth is called a neoplasm. Most neoplasms proliferate to form distinct masses, or tumors
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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, or CIN, is the abnormal growth of precancerous cells in the cervix. Most cases of CIN remain stable, or are eliminated by the host's immune system without intervention.
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For the similarly named guitar player and actor see Pat Smear

In gynecology, the Papanikolaou test or Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test
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basement membrane is a structure that supports overlying epithelial or endothelial cells.

Composition

The basement membrane consists of an electron-dense membrane called the lamina densa, about 30–70 nanometers in thickness, and an underlying network of reticular
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MeSH D009190

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, formerly known as "preleukemia") are a diverse collection of hematological conditions united by ineffective production of blood cells and varying risks of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia.
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Bone marrow (or medulla ossea) is the soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells.

Marrow types

There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (also known as myeloid tissue) and
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Blood is a specialized biological fluid consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma.
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For the brachiopod genus, see Metaplasia (brachiopod).

Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type.
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Differentiation can mean the following:

the act of finding the derivative in mathematics
Cellular differentiation in biology describes how cells acquire a type
Planetary differentiation in planetary science
Inductive reasoning aptitude in psychology

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epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. Epithelium lines both the outside (skin) and the inside cavities and lumen of bodies. The outermost layer of our skin is composed of dead stratified squamous, keratinized epithelial cells.
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A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically (for example, using
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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an early form of carcinoma defined by the absence of invasion of surrounding tissues. In other words, the neoplastic cells proliferate in their normal habitat, hence the name 'in situ' (Latin for 'in its place').
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MeSH D002277 In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. It is malignant by definition: carcinomas invade surrounding tissues and organs, and may spread to lymph nodes and distal sites (metastasis).
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Fibrous dysplasia is a disease that causes growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body.

These lesions are tumor-like growths that consist of replacement of the medullary bone with fibrous tissue, causing the expansion and weakening of the areas of bone involved.
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Cervical conization (ICD-9 code 67.2, CPT codes 57520 and 57522) refers to a biopsy of the cervix in which a cone-shaped sample of tissue is removed from the mucous membrane.
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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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For malignant tumors specifically, see .

Tumor or tumour (via Old French tumour from Latin tumor "swelling") is an abnormal growth or mass of tissue. A tumor can be either malignant or benign.
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Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies tumors (cancer) and seeks to understand their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. A Medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.
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Hyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen. Hyperplasia may result in the gross enlargement of an organ, the formation of a benign tumor, or may be visible only under a
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CYST see St. Theresa Point Airport.

For hard-shelled resting stages of some small organisms, see encystment.

A cyst (soft "c", rhymes with "list") is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue.
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A pseudocyst is a pathological collection of fluid. A pseudocyst may appear to be a true cyst to the naked eye or on a CAT scan. However, it is technically not a cyst. The wall of a true cyst consists of a clearly defined epithelial cell layer.
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MeSH D006222 A hamartoma is a focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues.
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Dysplasia

Information about Dysplasia

Dysplasia vs. carcinoma in situ vs. invasive carcinoma

References

See also

Composition

Marrow types