Drug Dependence

Information about Drug Dependence

Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation.^[1] From the point of view of the dependent person, "dependence is duress," argues addiction researcher Griffith Edwards.^[2]

Symptoms

Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors are common signs of withdrawal. More serious symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly abused substances that can be fatal in withdrawal. Though extremely unpleasant and potentially dramatic, withdrawal from opiates does not pose a direct medical threat.

Treatment

Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued. Treatment usually requires the initiation and then tapering of a medication that has a similar action in the brain but a longer half-life.

Difference from Addiction

Physical dependence is different from addiction. The latter is often characterized by a psychological need for a drug, while the former can often be the result of legal, long-term use of medicine.^[3]

Drugs that cause physical dependence

References

1. ^ Drug Addiction. CNN.
2. ^ Griffith Edwards. Alcohol: The World's Favourite Drug. 1st US ed. Thomas Dunne Books: 2002. ISBN 0-312-28387-3. P 72.
3. ^ Drug Abuse - Addiction vs. Dependence. Our Chronic Pain Mission.

External links

National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
Drugs causing physical dependence taken from Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 15, Chapter 195" Merck Manual.

• • [ e] WHO ICD-10 Mental and behavioural disorders (, )
Neurological/symptomatic	Dementia (Alzheimer's disease, Multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex) - Delirium - Post-concussion syndrome
Psychoactive substance	Intoxication (Drunkenness) - Physical dependence (Alcohol dependence, Opioid dependency) - Withdrawal (Benzodiazepine withdrawal, Delirium tremens) - Amnesic (Korsakoff's syndrome)
Psychotic disorder	Schizophrenia (Disorganized schizophrenia) - Schizotypal personality disorder - Delusional disorder - Folie deux - Schizoaffective disorder
Mood (affective)	Mania - Bipolar disorder - Clinical depression - Cyclothymia - Dysthymia
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform	Agoraphobia - Anxiety disorder - Panic disorder - Generalized anxiety disorder - Social Anxiety Disorder - OCD - Acute stress reaction - PTSD - Adjustment disorder - Conversion disorder (Ganser syndrome) - Somatoform disorder - Somatization disorder - Neurasthenia
Physiological/physical behavioural	Eating disorder (Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa) - Sleep disorder (Dyssomnia, Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Parasomnia, Night terror, Nightmare) - Sexual dysfunction (Erectile dysfunction, Premature ejaculation, Vaginismus, Dyspareunia, Hypersexuality) - Postpartum depression
Adult personality and behaviour	Personality disorder - Passive-aggressive behavior - Kleptomania - Trichotillomania - Voyeurism - Factitious disorder - Munchausen syndrome
Mental retardation	Mental retardation
Psychological development (developmental disorder)	Specific: speech and language (Expressive language disorder, Aphasia, Expressive aphasia, Receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lisp) - scholastic skills (Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome) - motor function (Developmental Dyspraxia) Pervasive: Autism - Rett syndrome - Asperger syndrome
Behavioural and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset	ADHD - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiant disorder - Separation anxiety disorder - Selective mutism - Reactive attachment disorder - Tic disorder - Tourette syndrome - speech (Stuttering, Cluttering)

For other meanings, see Withdrawal (disambiguation).

Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then
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Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. Some are also used as anticonvulsants.

Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid.
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The benzodiazepines (pronounced [ˌbɛnzəʊdaɪˈæzəpiːnz], or "benzos" for short) are a class of psychoactive drugs considered minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic,
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Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a psychoactive stimulant in humans. The word comes from the French term for coffee, café.
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Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
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An alcoholic beverage (also known as booze in slang term) is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
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gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (4-hydroxybutanoic acid, C₄H₈O₃), commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries^[1]
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Methaqualone¹ is a sedative drug which is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general CNS depressant. It was used in the 1960s and 1970s as an anxiolytic, for the treatment of insomnia, and as a sedative and muscle relaxant.
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Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant.
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An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. The main use is for pain relief. These agents work by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
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Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children.
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An addiction is a recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individuals health, mental state or social life.
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There are a variety of addiction recovery groups and methods other than those that follow the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous. The following is a list of twelve-step programs and other groups and methods that deal with addiction to substances other than food.
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SSRI discontinuation syndrome, also known as SSRI withdrawal syndrome or SSRI cessation syndrome, is a condition that can occur during or following the interruption, lowering of dose or discontinuation of regular SSRI or SNRI antidepressant drug usage.
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Rebound insomnia is insomnia that occurs following discontinuation of sedative substances taken to relieve primary insomnia. Regular use of these substances can cause a person to become dependent on its effects in order to fall asleep through the process of classical conditioning.
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World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of
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List of ICD-10 codes. The version for 2007 is available online at [1]

Chapter Blocks Title
I Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II Neoplasms
III Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
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MeSH D001523 Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer a psychological or physiological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture.
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Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) is a broad category which is used commonly in educational settings, to group a range of more specific perceived difficulties of children and adolescents.
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Dimentia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 F 00. -F 07.
ICD-9 290 - 294

DiseasesDB 29283
MedlinePlus 000739

Dementia (from Latin de- "apart, away" + mens (genitive mentis
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Alzheimer's disease
Classification & external resources

Histopathologic image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation.
ICD-10 G 30. , F 00.
ICD-9 331.0 , 290.
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MeSH D015161 Multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia, is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD) in the elderly (persons over 65 years of age).
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MeSH D020774 Pick's disease has two meanings that are often confused:

1) Pathology: Neurologists currently use the term "Pick's disease" to mean specifically one of the pathological subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).
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MeSH D007562

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is ultimately fatal. Among the types of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in humans, it is the most common.
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MeSH D006816 Huntington's disease (HD), also misspelt as Huntington disease and known historically as Huntington's chorea and chorea maior
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AIDS dementia complex (ADC)
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 22. , F 02.4
ICD-9 042

AIDS dementia complex (ADC; also known as HIV dementia, HIV encephalopathy and HIV-associated dementia
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MeSH D003693

This article is about the mental state and medical condition. For other uses, see Delirium (disambiguation).

“Delirious” redirects here. For other uses, see Delirious (disambiguation).

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Post-concussion syndrome, also known as postconcussive syndrome or PCS, is a set of symptoms that a person may experience for weeks, months, or even years after a concussion, a mild form of traumatic brain injury.
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A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior.
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