Information about Decarboxylation
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Decarboxylation
In biochemistry
Common biosynthetic decarboxylations of amino acids to amines are:- tryptophan to tryptamine
- phenylalanine to phenylethylamine
- tyrosine to tyramine
- histidine to histamine
- serine to ethanolamine
- glutamic acid to GABA
- lysine to cadaverine
- arginine to agmatine
- ornithine to putrescine
- 5-HTP to serotonin
- L-DOPA to dopamine
- pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
- oxalosuccinate to α-ketoglutarate
- α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
In organic chemistry
Chemical decarboxylations reactions often require extensive heating in high-boiling solvents. Copper salts are often added as catalysts. Also the addition of catalytic amounts of cyclohexen-2-one has been reported to catalyze the decarboxylation of amino acids. Decarboxylations are especially easy for beta-keto acids due to the formation of a cyclic transition state for instance in Knoevenagel condensations. The Barton decarboxylation and Hunsdiecker reaction are radical reactions.See also
chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances.[1] The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
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Carboxyl group or carboxy group -COOH or CO2H is a functional group present in amino acids and carboxylic acids. Its structure composed of one carbon atom attached to an oxygen atom by double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond.
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Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state.
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Biosynthesis is a phenomenon where chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. Biosynthesis, unlike chemical synthesis, takes place within living organisms and is generally catalysed by enzymes. The process is a vital part of metabolism.
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amino acid is a molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent.
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Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
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Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W)[1] is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. It is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code (as codon UGG).
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Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived.
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- Phe redirects here. For the BitTorrent feature, see PHE. For the constellation, see Phoenix (constellation).
Phenylalanine (abbreviated as Phe or F)[1] is an α-amino acid with the formula HO2
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Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. In the human brain, it is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (trace amine).
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Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y)[1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid and it is found in large quantities in casein.
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In organic chemistry tyramine (4-hydroxy-phenethylamine, para-tyramine, p-tyramine) is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine.<ref name="pubchem" />
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Occurrence
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Histidine (abbreviated as His or H)[1] is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. In the nutritional sense, in humans, histidine is considered an essential amino acid, but mostly only in children.
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Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.[1] New evidence also indicates that histamine plays a role in chemotaxis of white blood cells.
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Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S)[1] is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OH. It is one of the 20 naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.
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Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as MEA), is an organic chemical compound which is both a primary amine (due to an amino group in its molecule) and a primary alcohol (due to a hydroxyl group).
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Glutamic acid or glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E; Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). Glutamate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
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Gaba may refer to:
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- GABA, the gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter
- GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand
- Gabâ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people
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Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K)[1] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2.
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Cadaverine is a foul-smelling molecule produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH2(CH2)5NH2, which is similar to putrescine.
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Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R)[1] is an α-amino acid. The L -form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. Its codons are CGU, CGC, CGA and CGG.
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Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)) is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis.
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Ornithine is an amino acid, whose structure is:
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- NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COOH
Role in urea cycle
Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea...... Click the link for more information.
Putrescine (sometimes spelled putrescin or putrescene) is an organic chemical compound NH2(CH2)4NH2 (1,4-diaminobutane or butanediamine).
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5-Hydroxytryptophan or 5-HTP is a naturally-occurring amino acid, a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin and an intermediate in tryptophan metabolism. It is marketed in the United States and other countries as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant,
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Serotonin (pronounced IPA: /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən/) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and
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Levodopa (INN) or L -DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy- L -phenylalanine) is an intermediate in dopamine biosynthesis. In clinical use, levodopa is administered in the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Dopamine is a hormone and neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In chemical structure, it is a phenethylamine.
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citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the Krebs cycle, or Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle (after Hans Adolf Krebs and Albert Szent-Györgyi who first determined the chemical intermediates and reaction sequence of the cycle), is a series
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Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid which plays an important role in biochemical processes. The carboxylate anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate.
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Chemistry
Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to acetic acid...... Click the link for more information.
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