Information about Countries
In political geography and international politics, a country is a political division of a geographical entity, a sovereign territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation and government.
In common usage, the term is used casually in the sense of both "nation" (a cultural entity; see below) and "state" (a political entity; see below). Definitions may vary. It is sometimes used to refer to both states and some other political entities.[1], while in some occasions it refers only to state.[2] It is not uncommon for general information or statistical publications to adopt the wider definition for purposes such as illustration and comparison.[3]
There are dozens of non-sovereign territories (subnational entities, another form of political division or Administrative division within the expanse [realm or scope] of a larger nation-state) which constitute cohesive geographical entities, some of which are former countries, but which are not sovereign states. Most of these nowadays even have a great deal of autonomy and local governments but such do not constitute a nation as they are possessions of such states —as several states have overseas dependencies, with territory and citizenry separate from their own. Such dependencies are sometimes listed together with states on lists of countries.[3]
In addition to these, there are other non-sovereign territories which, under the philosophy of self-determination, wish to be considered countries in this sense. Some of these have de facto control over their population and territory, such as Abkhazia, but are not considered states as they are not recognised as having sovereignty. On the other hand, in some internationally-recognised states, there is no functioning central government or there are several de facto states and governments. These are internationally not considered to constitute separate states, but rather to exist on the territory of the internationally recognised state.
The term has become synonymous with 'country' where nations without sovereignty (that is, nations that are not states) have aimed to identify themselves on the same terms as sovereign states. Others, including nationalists, may consider their single nation (or country) to be divided between different states.
The United Kingdom is an internationally recognised sovereign state, which is also referred to as a country and whose inhabitants have British nationality. The terminology can be further complicated by the use of the word state to mean a non-sovereign sub-entity of a sovereign state, as is done in the United States of America and Australia. In most English-speaking countries when the terms state, nation and country are used internally, they are understood by the context in which they are used and are not controversial. However, when these terms are used to describe the statehood aspirations of a people who do not currently live in the internationally recognised independent State they would like to dominate, these terms can be controversial and open to misunderstanding.
In reality, there is often a rough correspondence between both senses of country - this is the concept of the nation-state. It is one that many governments have attempted to encourage, in order to provide legitimacy to their control over a territory. However, because of historical and modern migration, ethnically homogeneous communities are rare or non-existent - Iceland and Japan being the most commonly quoted exceptions (and even this ignores minority aboriginal groups, such as the Ainu and Ryūkyūans, in the case of Japan.) However, nations may also be defined by culture instead of ethnicity.
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In common usage, the term is used casually in the sense of both "nation" (a cultural entity; see below) and "state" (a political entity; see below). Definitions may vary. It is sometimes used to refer to both states and some other political entities.[1], while in some occasions it refers only to state.[2] It is not uncommon for general information or statistical publications to adopt the wider definition for purposes such as illustration and comparison.[3]
There are dozens of non-sovereign territories (subnational entities, another form of political division or Administrative division within the expanse [realm or scope] of a larger nation-state) which constitute cohesive geographical entities, some of which are former countries, but which are not sovereign states. Most of these nowadays even have a great deal of autonomy and local governments but such do not constitute a nation as they are possessions of such states —as several states have overseas dependencies, with territory and citizenry separate from their own. Such dependencies are sometimes listed together with states on lists of countries.[3]
Types
State
In addition to these, there are other non-sovereign territories which, under the philosophy of self-determination, wish to be considered countries in this sense. Some of these have de facto control over their population and territory, such as Abkhazia, but are not considered states as they are not recognised as having sovereignty. On the other hand, in some internationally-recognised states, there is no functioning central government or there are several de facto states and governments. These are internationally not considered to constitute separate states, but rather to exist on the territory of the internationally recognised state.
Nation
The term has become synonymous with 'country' where nations without sovereignty (that is, nations that are not states) have aimed to identify themselves on the same terms as sovereign states. Others, including nationalists, may consider their single nation (or country) to be divided between different states.
Nation, country and state: a comparison
The casual use of 'country', 'state' and 'nation' as synonyms leads to confusion. Confounding this is the often confused official use: for example, the United Nations is actually a body made of 'states'; and the countries constituting the United Kingdom are sometimes called the home nations.The United Kingdom is an internationally recognised sovereign state, which is also referred to as a country and whose inhabitants have British nationality. The terminology can be further complicated by the use of the word state to mean a non-sovereign sub-entity of a sovereign state, as is done in the United States of America and Australia. In most English-speaking countries when the terms state, nation and country are used internally, they are understood by the context in which they are used and are not controversial. However, when these terms are used to describe the statehood aspirations of a people who do not currently live in the internationally recognised independent State they would like to dominate, these terms can be controversial and open to misunderstanding.
In reality, there is often a rough correspondence between both senses of country - this is the concept of the nation-state. It is one that many governments have attempted to encourage, in order to provide legitimacy to their control over a territory. However, because of historical and modern migration, ethnically homogeneous communities are rare or non-existent - Iceland and Japan being the most commonly quoted exceptions (and even this ignores minority aboriginal groups, such as the Ainu and Ryūkyūans, in the case of Japan.) However, nations may also be defined by culture instead of ethnicity.
See also
- Nation-state for the history of the development of the modern nation states
- List of countries
- Lists by country
- List of sovereign states
- List of international rankings
- Constituent Countries
- State
- Dependent area
- List of dependent territories
- List of subnational entities
- ISO 3166-1, list of countries and corresponding international standard codes
- Country calling codes, list of telephone prefixes
- List of country name etymologies
- List of enclaves and exclaves
- Territory
- Border
References
1. ^ [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
2. ^ About.com:"Geography: Country, State, and Nation".
3. ^ countryreports.org, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html cia.gov], guinnessworldrecords.com, guinnessworldrecords.com
4. ^ This is primarily due to the People's Republic Of China's "One-China" policy, which requires states to give no official recognition to the ROC (Taiwan) as a condition of maintaining diplomatic relations with the PRC. Despite this, the island nation of the ROC (Taiwan) is recognized as a sovereign independent state by 24 states, including the Holy See of Vatican City.
2. ^ About.com:"Geography: Country, State, and Nation".
3. ^ countryreports.org, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html cia.gov], guinnessworldrecords.com, guinnessworldrecords.com
4. ^ This is primarily due to the People's Republic Of China's "One-China" policy, which requires states to give no official recognition to the ROC (Taiwan) as a condition of maintaining diplomatic relations with the PRC. Despite this, the island nation of the ROC (Taiwan) is recognized as a sovereign independent state by 24 states, including the Holy See of Vatican City.
- Anderson, Benedict; 'Imagined Communities: Reflections On the origin and Spread of Nationalism'; London, Verso; 1991
- Viotti, Paul R. and Kauppi, Mark V.; 'International Relations and World Politics - Security, Economy, Identity'; Second Edition; New Jersey, Prentice Hall; 2001
- Mires, Stuart and Addison-Scott, Alexandra
External links
- Geography Site Country Profiles - Based on the CIA World Factbook
- How many countries are there?
- Demonyms - What do you call people from different countries?
- Library of Congress - Country Studies
- BBC Country Profiles
- [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html The CIA World Factbook]
- The US Department of State - Background Notes Facts and informations on countries, dependencies and areas of special sovereignty around the world
- Countries in 1900
- PopulationData.net
- United Nations statistics division
- United Nations eDocs Web Service XML data list of countries.
- United Nations - UNeDocs Code List Web Service
- Search Engine- Campos dos Goytacazes
Political geography is the field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.
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International relations, a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
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A political division is a geographic region accepted to be in the jurisdiction of a particular government entity. On the large scale, a political division is typically a country, while administrative divisions including states, counties, cities, and others can also be defined.
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Sovereignty is the exclusive right to complete political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) control over an area of governance, people, or oneself. A sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority, subject to no other.
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A territory (from the word 'terra', meaning 'land') is a defined area (including land and waters), usually considered to be a possession of a person, organization, institution, animal, state or country subdivision.
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A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. It usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on
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A nation is a form of cultural or social community. Nationhood is an ethical and philosophical doctrine and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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A nation is a form of cultural or social community. Nationhood is an ethical and philosophical doctrine and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or
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Sovereignty is the exclusive right to complete political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) control over an area of governance, people, or oneself. A sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority, subject to no other.
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Administrative division (also known as "Subnational entities") is a generic term for an administrative region within a country or Political division — on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government
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Overseas, meaning literally a place over a sea, is synonymous in some countries with the word international. For example, someone in New York City might consider Toronto overseas, even though they are on the same continent.
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country, state, and nation can have various meanings. Therefore, diverse lists of these entities are possible. Wikipedia offers the following lists:
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A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. It usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on
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Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty.
The term independence is used in contrast to subjugation,
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The term independence is used in contrast to subjugation,
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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Sovereignty is the exclusive right to complete political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) control over an area of governance, people, or oneself. A sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority, subject to no other.
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- Not to be confused with land mass.
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EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001. Their greatest hit, their debut single "time after time", peaked at #13 in the Oricon singles chart.
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Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most twelve nautical miles (but possibly less, at the coastal country's discretion) from the mean low water mark of a littoral state that is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state,
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Headquarters
(and largest city)
Official languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Membership 192 member states
Leaders
- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Establishment
-
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(and largest city)
Official languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Membership 192 member states
Leaders
- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Establishment
-
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Anthem
Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Italian)
Hymn and Pontifical March
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Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Italian)
Hymn and Pontifical March
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Anthem
National Anthem of the Republic of China
Capital Taipei[1]
Largest city Taipei[1]
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National Anthem of the Republic of China
Capital Taipei[1]
Largest city Taipei[1]
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Sovereignty is the exclusive right to complete political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) control over an area of governance, people, or oneself. A sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority, subject to no other.
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self-determination, often seen as a moral and legal right, is that every nation is entitled to a sovereign territorial state, and that every specifically identifiable population should choose which state it belongs to, often by plebiscite.
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აფხაზეთი
Абхазия
Apsny / Apkhazeti / Abhazia
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Абхазия
Apsny / Apkhazeti / Abhazia
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A nation is a form of cultural or social community. Nationhood is an ethical and philosophical doctrine and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or
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21st century - 22nd century
1970s 1980s 1990s - 2000s - 2010s 2020s 2030s
1998 1999 2000 - 2001 - 2002 2003 2004
2001 by topic:
News by month
Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun
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1970s 1980s 1990s - 2000s - 2010s 2020s 2030s
1998 1999 2000 - 2001 - 2002 2003 2004
2001 by topic:
News by month
Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun
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ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry.[1] Ethnicity is also defined from the recognition by others as a distinct group[2]
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