Copper(ii) Sulfate

Copper(II) sulfate ("sulphate" in most Commonwealth nations) is the chemical compound with the formula Cu S O₄. This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. This hydrated copper sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral called chalcanthite. Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone"^[1]

Structure

In the pentahydrate, copper(II) is bonded to four molecules of water and to the oxygen atoms of two sulfate anions. The fifth water is not coordinated, but links the sulfate anions via hydrogen bonding. In the trihydrate, all three water molecules are bonded as well as one oxygen atom of the sulfate, to define a distorted square planar arrangement, two more oxygen ligands are ca. 2.4 Å distant from copper. In the anhydrous form, copper is bound to four oxygen atoms of sulfate (r_Cu-O = 1.9-2.0Å) and more weakly bonded to two other oxygen atoms (2.4 Å).^[2] A monohydrate is also known.

Preparation

Since it is available commercially, copper sulfate is usually purchased, not prepared in the laboratory. It can be made by the action of sulfuric acid on a variety of copper(II) compounds, for example copper(II) oxide. Copper(II) sulfate decomposes before melting, losing four water molecules at 110 °C and all five at 150 °C. At 650 °C, copper(II) sulfate decomposes into copper(II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO₃). When heated in an open flame the crystals are dehydrated and turn grayish-white.^[3]

Uses

In organic synthesis

Copper sulfate is employed in organic synthesis.^[4] The anhydrous salt catalyses the transacetalization in organic synthesis.^[5] The hydrated salt reacts with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.^[6]

In school chemistry demonstrations

Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in children's chemistry sets and is often used in high school crystal growing.^[7] and copper plating experiments. Due to its toxicity, it is not recommended for small children. Copper sulfate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO₄. It is used in school chemistry courses to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration. The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates. When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, it turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue colour.

Large crystals of copper sulfate

In an illustration of a "single metal replacement reaction," iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate. Upon standing, iron dissolves and copper precipitates.

As an herbicide, fungicide, pesticide

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a fungicide. Mixed with lime it is called Bordeaux mixture to control fungus on grapes and other berries^[8], another application is Cheshunt compound, a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate used in horticulture to prevent damping off in seedlings. Its use as an herbicide is not agricultural, but instead for control of invasive exotic aquatic plants and the roots of other invasive plants near various pipes that contain water. A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used to treat aquarium fish of various parasitic infections^[9], and is also used to remove snails from aquariums. However, as the copper ions are also highly toxic to the fish, care must be taken with the dosage. Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulfate. Copper sulfate inhibits growth of bacteria such as E. coli.

Analytical reagent

Several chemical tests utilize copper sulfate. It is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide. Copper(II) sulfate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.

Copper sulfate is also used to test blood for anemia^[10]. A drop of the patient's blood is dropped into an aqueous solution of copper sulfate solution: if it sinks within a certain time, then the patient has sufficient hemoglobin levels and is not anemic. If the blood drop floats or sinks slowly, then the patient is iron-deficient and may be anemic.

In a flame test, its copper ions emit a deep blue-green light, much more blue than the flame test for barium.

Other uses

Other applications include hair dyes, coloring glass, processing of leather and textiles, and in pyrotechnics as a green colorant.^[11] A full list of uses can be seen here.

Safety

Copper salts are toxic in large amounts.^[12]

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
3. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
4. ^ Hoffman, R. V. "Copper(II) Sulfate" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001 John Wiley & Sons. DOI: 10.1002/047084289X.rc247
5. ^ Hulce, M. Mallomo, J. P.; Frye, L. L.; Kogan, T. P.; Posner, G. H. “(S)-( + )-2-(p-Toluenesulfinyl)-2-Cyclopentanone: Precursor for Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Substituted Cyclopentanones” Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 7, p.495 (1990).
6. ^ Jefford, C. W.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y. “A Selective, Heterogeneous Oxidation using a Mixture of Potassium Permanganate and Cupric Sulfate: (3aS,7aR)-Hexahydro-(3S,6R)-Dimethyl-2(3H)-Benzofuranone” Collective Volume 9, page 462.
7. ^ [2]
8. ^ [3]
9. ^ [4]
10. ^ [5]
11. ^ [6]
12. ^ [7]

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0751 (anhydrous)
International Chemical Safety Card 1416 (pentahydrate)
National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet
UNCP Copper

• • [ e]

Antidotes (V03AB)

Ipecacuanha - Nalorphine - Edetates - Oximes (Pralidoxime, Obidoxime) - Prednisolone/promethazine - Thiosulfate - Sodium nitrite - Dimercaprol - Protamine - Naloxone - Ethanol - Methylthioninium chloride - Potassium permanganate - Physostigmine - Copper sulfate - Potassium iodide - Amyl nitrite - Acetylcysteine - Digitalis antitoxin - Flumazenil - Methionine - 4-Dimethylaminophenol - Cholinesterase - Prussian blue - Glutathione - Hydroxocobalamin - Fomepizole

IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. It is developed and kept up to date under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
..... Click the link for more information.

Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek, chalkos and anthos, meaning copper flower, is a richly-colored blue/green water-soluble sulfate mineral, commonly found in the late-stage oxidation zones of copper deposits.
..... Click the link for more information.

CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
..... Click the link for more information.

The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981.
..... Click the link for more information.

A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. A chemical formula is also a short way of showing how a chemical reaction occurs.
..... Click the link for more information.

Molar mass, symbol M,^[1] is the mass of one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound).^[2] It is a physical property which is characteristic of each pure substance.
..... Click the link for more information.

The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Although the phrase would suggest a specific temperature and is commonly and incorrectly used as such in most textbooks and literature, most crystalline compounds
..... Click the link for more information.

Solubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.^[1] It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
..... Click the link for more information.

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.^[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
..... Click the link for more information.

crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice. Motifs are located upon the points of a lattice, which is an array of points repeating periodically in three
..... Click the link for more information.

triclinic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. A crystal system is described by three basis vectors. In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system.
..... Click the link for more information.

The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern formed by the coordination of ligands to a metal in a molecule or a coordination complex. The geometrical arrangement of the ligands vary according to the number of ligands bonded to the metal centre, and to the
..... Click the link for more information.

The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at
..... Click the link for more information.

Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main European Union law concerning chemical safety.
..... Click the link for more information.

NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. It defines the colloquial "fire diamond" used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by nearby hazardous materials.
..... Click the link for more information.

The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air. At this temperature the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.
..... Click the link for more information.

ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged. A negatively charged ion, which has more electrons in its electron shells than it has protons in its nuclei, is known as an anion
..... Click the link for more information.

Nickel(II) sulfate or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the chemical compound with the formula NiSO₄^.6H₂O. This blue salt is a common laboratory source of nickel. It also occurs as the rare mineral Retgersite.
..... Click the link for more information.

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) is a colorless crystalline, water-soluble chemical compound. The hydrated form, ZnSO₄·7H₂O, the mineral goslarite, was historically known as "white vitriol" and can be prepared by reacting zinc with aqueous sulfuric acid.
..... Click the link for more information.

standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). This pressure was changed from 1 atm (101.325 kilopascals) by IUPAC in 1990.^[1] The standard state of a material can be defined at any given temperature, most commonly 25 degrees Celsius,
..... Click the link for more information.

Headquarters
(and largest city)
Official languages English
Membership 53 sovereign states
Leaders
- Head of the Commonwealth Queen Elizabeth II
..... Click the link for more information.

Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.

2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol⁻¹
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol⁻¹
3rd: 3666 kJmol⁻¹

Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.

6
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol⁻¹
2nd: 2252 kJmol⁻¹
3rd: 3357 kJmol⁻¹

Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.

2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol⁻¹
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol⁻¹
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol⁻¹

Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.

Water of crystallization (alt. Br.E. water of crystallisation) is water that occurs in crystals but is not covalently bonded to a host molecule or ion. The term is archaic and predates modern structural inorganic chemistry, coming from an era when the relationships between
..... Click the link for more information.

As a general term, a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water. The way of achieving the anhydrous form differs from one substance to another.

Solvents

In many cases, the presence of water can prevent a reaction from happening, or form undesirable products.
..... Click the link for more information.

A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties.
..... Click the link for more information.

This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

Herod_Archelaus

iPedia Free Information Center