Information about Computer Terminal
A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system. A computer terminal is an instance of a human-machine interface(HMI).
The function of a terminal is confined to display and input of data; a device with significant local programmable data processing capability may be called a "smart terminal" or thin client. A personal computer can run software that emulates the function of a terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local programs and access to a distant host system.
Early user terminals connected to computers were generally electromechanical teleprinters (TTYs), such as the model 33 Teletype, originally used for telegraphy. Later printing terminals such as the DECwriter were developed. However printing terminals were limited by the speed at which paper could be printed, and for interactive use the paper record was unnecessary.
By the early 1970s, many in the computer industry realized that an affordable video data entry terminal could supplant the ubiquitous punch cards and permit new uses for computers that would be more interactive. The problem was that the amount of memory needed to store the information on a page of text was comparable to the memory in low end minicomputers then in use. Displaying the information at video speeds was also a challenge and the necessary control logic took up a rack worth of pre-integrated circuit electronics. One company announced plans to build a video terminal for $15,000 and attracted a large backlog of orders, but folded when their engineering plans, which included fabricating their own ICs, proved too ambitious. Another approach involved the use of the storage tube, a specialized CRT developed by Tektronix that retained information written on it without the need to refresh.
Early video computer displays were sometimes nicknamed "Glass TTYs" and used individual logic gates, with no CPU. One of the motivations for development of the microprocessor was to simplify and reduce the electronics required in a terminal. Most terminals were connected to mainframe computers and often had a green or amber screen. Typically terminals communicate with the computer via a serial port, often using the RS-232 serial interface. IBM systems communicated over a coaxial cable using IBM's SNA protocol.
Later, so-called "intelligent" terminals were introduced, such as the VT52 and VT100 made by DEC, both of which are still widely emulated in software. These were called "intelligent" because they had the capability of interpreting escape sequences to position the cursor and control the display. Notable non-VT100 computer terminal types include the IBM 3270, various Wyse models (whose Wyse 60 was a best-seller—many are still in use), and the Tektronix 4014.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were dozens of manufacturers of terminals including DEC, Wyse, Televideo, Hewlett Packard,IBM, Lear-Siegler and Heath, many of which had incompatible command sequences.
While early IBM PCs had single color green screens, these screens were not terminals. The screen of a PC did not contain any character generation hardware; all video signals and video formatting were generated by the video display card in the PC. With suitable terminal software PCs could, however, emulate a terminal, if connected to a mainframe computer. Eventually microprocessor-based personal computers greatly reduced the market demand for terminals. Today, most PC telnet clients provide emulation of the most common terminal—the DEC VT100.
Original text terminals were electronic computer terminals connected to computers by a serial port, but later computers have built-in system consoles, and terminal emulator programs that work in a graphical desktop environment. Graphical displays have not eradicated the text terminal as it is convenient for computer programmers and appropriate for command-line interfaces and text user interfaces. Most programming languages support standard streams for inputting and printing text, and it is simple to connect the streams to a text terminal.
A terminal emulator is a computer program in a graphical windowing system that lets the user operate a text terminal in a window. This lets text terminals coexist with modern graphical user interfaces. Popular terminal emulators include Win32 console and xterm.
There are also specialized terminal emulators such as those used with modems. PuTTY is a terminal emulator and ssh client.
Another important application type is text editor. It occupies the whole area of display, shows a text document, and allows the user to edit the document. This has in part been replaced by word processors. First word processors used text to communicate the structure of the document, but later work outside of the text terminal and simulate the final paper document in a graphical user interface.
Programs such as Telix and Minicom control a modem and the local terminal to let the user interact with remote servers. In the Internet, telnet and ssh work similarly.
For other operations, there are special escape sequences, control characters and
For many interactive applications this is not sufficient. One of the common enhancements is command line editing (assisted with such libraries as readline); it also may give access to command history. This is very helpful for various interactive command line interpreters.
Even more advanced interactivity is provided with full-screen applications. Those applications completely control the screen layout; also they respond to key-pressing immediately. This mode is very useful for text editors, file managers and web browsers. In addition, such programs control the color and brightness of text on the screen, and decorate it with underline, blinking and special characters (e.g. box drawing characters).
To achieve all this, the application must deal not only with plain text strings, but also with control characters and escape sequences, which allow to move cursor to an arbitrary position, to clear portions of the screen, change colors and display special characters — and also respond to function keys.
The great problem here is that there are so many different terminals and terminal emulators, each with its own set of escape sequences. In order to overcome this, special libraries (such as curses) have been created, together with terminal description databases, such as Termcap and Terminfo. Unfortunately, the libraries, the databases and the terminal emulators themselves are too often buggy, so it is not unusual to see the display imperfect or garbled, or function keys not working. Often it is necessary to hand-edit the terminfo definition to make a terminal emulator to work well. Perhaps the best overall results are obtained with xterm, because it is one of the most widely used terminal emulators.
All this has led to little usability of many text-mode applications except when on console or in xterm.
In recent years, the general switching of users to GUI has lessened the attention paid to terminal-handling libraries and to terminal emulation, and almost stalled the debugging efforts.
In the context of traditional computer terminals that communicate over a serial RS-232 connection, dumb terminals are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed glass teletypes, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the environment variable TERM to dumb. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences.
In the broader context that includes all forms of keyboard/screen computer communication devices, including personal computers, diskless workstations, network computers, thin clients, and X Terminals, the term dumb terminal is sometimes used to refer to any type of traditional computer terminal that communicates serially over a RS-232 connection that does not locally process data or execute user programs.
The term dumb terminal sometimes also refers to public computer terminals that are limited to monochrome text-only capabilities, or to terminals that transmit each character as it is typed rather than waiting until it is polled by a host computer.
A vector-mode display directly draws lines on the face of a cathode-ray tube under control of the host computer system. The lines are continuously formed, but since the speed of electronics is limited, the number of concurrent lines that can be displayed at one time is limited. Vector-mode displays were historically important but are no longer used.
Practically all modern graphic displays are raster-mode, descended from the picture scanning techniques used for television, in which the visual elements are a rectangular array of pixels. Since the raster image is only perceptible to the human eye as a whole for a very short time, the raster must be refreshed many times per second to give the appearance of a persistent display. The electronic demands of refreshing display memory meant that graphic terminals were developed much later than text terminals, and initially cost much more.
Most terminals today are graphical - that is, they can show images on the screen. The modern term for graphical terminal is "thin client". A thin client typically uses a protocol like RDP for Microsoft Windows, or X11 for Unix-terminals. The bandwidth needed depends on the protocol used, the resolution, and the color depth.
Modern graphic terminals allow display of images in color, and of text in varying sizes, colors, and fonts (type faces).
When using a graphical user interface (or GUI) like the X Window System, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a command line interpreter, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device.
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The function of a terminal is confined to display and input of data; a device with significant local programmable data processing capability may be called a "smart terminal" or thin client. A personal computer can run software that emulates the function of a terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local programs and access to a distant host system.
Historical
)
Early user terminals connected to computers were generally electromechanical teleprinters (TTYs), such as the model 33 Teletype, originally used for telegraphy. Later printing terminals such as the DECwriter were developed. However printing terminals were limited by the speed at which paper could be printed, and for interactive use the paper record was unnecessary.
By the early 1970s, many in the computer industry realized that an affordable video data entry terminal could supplant the ubiquitous punch cards and permit new uses for computers that would be more interactive. The problem was that the amount of memory needed to store the information on a page of text was comparable to the memory in low end minicomputers then in use. Displaying the information at video speeds was also a challenge and the necessary control logic took up a rack worth of pre-integrated circuit electronics. One company announced plans to build a video terminal for $15,000 and attracted a large backlog of orders, but folded when their engineering plans, which included fabricating their own ICs, proved too ambitious. Another approach involved the use of the storage tube, a specialized CRT developed by Tektronix that retained information written on it without the need to refresh.
Early video computer displays were sometimes nicknamed "Glass TTYs" and used individual logic gates, with no CPU. One of the motivations for development of the microprocessor was to simplify and reduce the electronics required in a terminal. Most terminals were connected to mainframe computers and often had a green or amber screen. Typically terminals communicate with the computer via a serial port, often using the RS-232 serial interface. IBM systems communicated over a coaxial cable using IBM's SNA protocol.
)
A Televideo ASCII character mode terminal, using a microprocessor, made around 1982
Later, so-called "intelligent" terminals were introduced, such as the VT52 and VT100 made by DEC, both of which are still widely emulated in software. These were called "intelligent" because they had the capability of interpreting escape sequences to position the cursor and control the display. Notable non-VT100 computer terminal types include the IBM 3270, various Wyse models (whose Wyse 60 was a best-seller—many are still in use), and the Tektronix 4014.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were dozens of manufacturers of terminals including DEC, Wyse, Televideo, Hewlett Packard,IBM, Lear-Siegler and Heath, many of which had incompatible command sequences.
While early IBM PCs had single color green screens, these screens were not terminals. The screen of a PC did not contain any character generation hardware; all video signals and video formatting were generated by the video display card in the PC. With suitable terminal software PCs could, however, emulate a terminal, if connected to a mainframe computer. Eventually microprocessor-based personal computers greatly reduced the market demand for terminals. Today, most PC telnet clients provide emulation of the most common terminal—the DEC VT100.
Text terminals
A text terminal, or often just terminal (sometimes text console) is a serial computer interface for text entry and display. Information is presented as an array of pre-selected formed characters. When such devices use a video display such as a cathode-ray tube, they are called a "video display unit" or "visual display unit" (VDU) or "video display terminal" (VDT).Original text terminals were electronic computer terminals connected to computers by a serial port, but later computers have built-in system consoles, and terminal emulator programs that work in a graphical desktop environment. Graphical displays have not eradicated the text terminal as it is convenient for computer programmers and appropriate for command-line interfaces and text user interfaces. Most programming languages support standard streams for inputting and printing text, and it is simple to connect the streams to a text terminal.
)
A typical text terminal produces input and displays output and errors
Types of text terminals
The System console is a text terminal used to operate a computer. Modern computers have a built-in keyboard and display for the console. Some operating systems such as Linux and FreeBSD have virtual consoles to provide several text terminals on a single computer.A terminal emulator is a computer program in a graphical windowing system that lets the user operate a text terminal in a window. This lets text terminals coexist with modern graphical user interfaces. Popular terminal emulators include Win32 console and xterm.
There are also specialized terminal emulators such as those used with modems. PuTTY is a terminal emulator and ssh client.
Applications running on a text terminal
The fundamental type of application running on a text terminal is a command line interpreter or shell, which prompts for commands from the user and executes each command after a press of Enter. This includes Unix shells and some interactive programming environments. In a shell, most of the commands are small applications themselves.)
Another important application type is text editor. It occupies the whole area of display, shows a text document, and allows the user to edit the document. This has in part been replaced by word processors. First word processors used text to communicate the structure of the document, but later work outside of the text terminal and simulate the final paper document in a graphical user interface.
Programs such as Telix and Minicom control a modem and the local terminal to let the user interact with remote servers. In the Internet, telnet and ssh work similarly.
Programming interface
In the simplest form, a text terminal is like a file. Writing to the file displays the text and reading from the file produces what the user enters. In unix-like operating systems, there are several character special files that correspond to available text terminals.For other operations, there are special escape sequences, control characters and
termios functions that a program can use, most easily via a library such as ncurses. For more complex operations, the programs can use terminal specific ioctl system calls.
Technical discussion
For an application, the simplest way to use a terminal is to simply write and read text strings to and from it sequentially. The output text is scrolled, so that only the last several lines (typically 24) are visible. Unix systems typically buffer the input text is until the Enter key is pressed, so the application receives a ready string of text. In this mode, the application need not know much about the terminal.For many interactive applications this is not sufficient. One of the common enhancements is command line editing (assisted with such libraries as readline); it also may give access to command history. This is very helpful for various interactive command line interpreters.
Even more advanced interactivity is provided with full-screen applications. Those applications completely control the screen layout; also they respond to key-pressing immediately. This mode is very useful for text editors, file managers and web browsers. In addition, such programs control the color and brightness of text on the screen, and decorate it with underline, blinking and special characters (e.g. box drawing characters).
To achieve all this, the application must deal not only with plain text strings, but also with control characters and escape sequences, which allow to move cursor to an arbitrary position, to clear portions of the screen, change colors and display special characters — and also respond to function keys.
The great problem here is that there are so many different terminals and terminal emulators, each with its own set of escape sequences. In order to overcome this, special libraries (such as curses) have been created, together with terminal description databases, such as Termcap and Terminfo. Unfortunately, the libraries, the databases and the terminal emulators themselves are too often buggy, so it is not unusual to see the display imperfect or garbled, or function keys not working. Often it is necessary to hand-edit the terminfo definition to make a terminal emulator to work well. Perhaps the best overall results are obtained with xterm, because it is one of the most widely used terminal emulators.
All this has led to little usability of many text-mode applications except when on console or in xterm.
In recent years, the general switching of users to GUI has lessened the attention paid to terminal-handling libraries and to terminal emulation, and almost stalled the debugging efforts.
Dumb terminal
The specific meaning of the term dumb terminal can vary depending on the context in which it is used.In the context of traditional computer terminals that communicate over a serial RS-232 connection, dumb terminals are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed glass teletypes, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the environment variable TERM to dumb. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences.
In the broader context that includes all forms of keyboard/screen computer communication devices, including personal computers, diskless workstations, network computers, thin clients, and X Terminals, the term dumb terminal is sometimes used to refer to any type of traditional computer terminal that communicates serially over a RS-232 connection that does not locally process data or execute user programs.
The term dumb terminal sometimes also refers to public computer terminals that are limited to monochrome text-only capabilities, or to terminals that transmit each character as it is typed rather than waiting until it is polled by a host computer.
Graphical terminals
A graphical terminal can display images as well as text. Graphical terminals are divided into vector-mode terminals, and raster mode.A vector-mode display directly draws lines on the face of a cathode-ray tube under control of the host computer system. The lines are continuously formed, but since the speed of electronics is limited, the number of concurrent lines that can be displayed at one time is limited. Vector-mode displays were historically important but are no longer used.
Practically all modern graphic displays are raster-mode, descended from the picture scanning techniques used for television, in which the visual elements are a rectangular array of pixels. Since the raster image is only perceptible to the human eye as a whole for a very short time, the raster must be refreshed many times per second to give the appearance of a persistent display. The electronic demands of refreshing display memory meant that graphic terminals were developed much later than text terminals, and initially cost much more.
Most terminals today are graphical - that is, they can show images on the screen. The modern term for graphical terminal is "thin client". A thin client typically uses a protocol like RDP for Microsoft Windows, or X11 for Unix-terminals. The bandwidth needed depends on the protocol used, the resolution, and the color depth.
Modern graphic terminals allow display of images in color, and of text in varying sizes, colors, and fonts (type faces).
- Further information: Thin client
AlphaWindows
In the early 1990s an industry consortium attempted to define a standard that would allow a single CRT screen to implement multiple windows, each of which was to behave as a distinct terminal. Unfortunately like I2O this suffered from being run as a closed standard: non-members were unable to obtain even minimal information and there was no realistic way a small company or independant developer could join the consortium, possibly because of this the standard disappeared without trace.Contemporary
Since the advent and subsequent popularization of the personal computer, few genuine hardware terminals are used to interface with computers today. Using the monitor and keyboard, modern operating systems like Linux and the BSD derivatives feature virtual consoles, which are mostly independent from the hardware used.When using a graphical user interface (or GUI) like the X Window System, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a command line interpreter, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device.
See also
- Terminal server
- IBM 3270 Classic corporate terminal for forms
- HP 2640 microprocessor based terminal which combined serial ASCII with block mode forms and labeled function keys
- Tektronix 4014 storage tube for vector graphics
- VT100 for a classic ASCII ANSI-standard video terminal
- Terminal emulator for an application program replacing a computer terminal
- Virtual console for a concept that permits multiple terminals on one hardware
- Computer console for a text output device for system administration messages
- Remote Job Entry (RJE) a terminal used for the remote job submission, control, and printing
- HASP A common IBM RJE terminal
- IBM 2780 A common RJE terminal
- IBM 3780 A common RJE terminal
- TV Typewriter A very simple home-brew terminal that was used with early home computers
- Blit (computer terminal)
- Green screen
- Minitel
- Thin client
- Apple 1, a very early home computer with a built-in dumb terminal
External links
- Terminal virus simulator - A tech demo that recreates the look of a corrupted dumb terminal; eye candy for veterans of older computer technology. Compatible with IBM-PC, its clones, or GP2X via DOSBox.
- Text Terminal HOWTO
- Video Terminal Information by Richard S. Shuford
- Symbio Technologies
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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computing is synonymous with counting and calculating. Originally, people that performed these functions were known as computers. Today it refers to a science and technology that deals with the computation and the manipulation of symbols.
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The user interface (or Human Machine Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people (the users) interact with a particular machine, device, computer program or other complex tool (the system).
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thin client (sometimes also called a lean client) is a client computer or client software in client-server architecture networks which depends primarily on the central server for processing activities, and mainly focuses on conveying input and output between the user and the
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A teleprinter (teletypewriter, Teletype or TTY for TeleTYpe/TeleTYpewriter) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical
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Telegraphy (from the Greek words (τηλη) = far and (γραφειν) = write) is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally by changing something that could
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Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. It is often referred to within the computing industry as DEC. (This acronym was frequently officially used by Digital itself,[1] but the official name was always DIGITAL.
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Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
- -
- The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called
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1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
- -
- The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called
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punch card or punched card (or punchcard or Hollerith card or IBM card), is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
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Minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or
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integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a
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storage tube is a special monochromatic CRT whose screen has a kind of 'memory' (hence the name): when a portion of the screen is illuminated by the CRT's electron gun, it stays lit until a screen erase command is given.
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Tektronix, Inc.
Public (NYSE: TEK )
Founded 1946, Oregon
Headquarters Beaverton, Oregon
United States
Key people Richard H. Wills, Chairman, Pres. & CEO
Howard Vollum &
Melvin J.
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Public (NYSE: TEK )
Founded 1946, Oregon
Headquarters Beaverton, Oregon
United States
Key people Richard H. Wills, Chairman, Pres. & CEO
Howard Vollum &
Melvin J.
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A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits.
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central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data.
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Microprocessor
Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging
Date Invented: Late 1960s/Early 1970s (see article for explanation)
Connects to:
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Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging
Date Invented: Late 1960s/Early 1970s (see article for explanation)
Connects to:
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Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.
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serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as
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In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports.
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International Business Machines Corporation
Public (NYSE: IBM )
Founded 1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters Armonk, New York, USA
Key people Samuel J.
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Public (NYSE: IBM )
Founded 1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters Armonk, New York, USA
Key people Samuel J.
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Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a round conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, usually surrounded by a final insulating layer (jacket).
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Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. It is a complete protocol stack for interconnecting computers and their resources. SNA describes the protocol and is, in itself, not actually a program.
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VT52 was a CRT-based computer terminal produced by Digital Equipment Corporation during the late 1970s. This terminal provided a screen that was 24 rows high and 80 columns wide and supported the full upper- and lower-case ASCII character set as well as a few special graphics
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VT100 was a video terminal made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) which became the de facto standard used by terminal emulators.
It was introduced in August 1978, following its predecessor, the VT52, and communicated with its host system over serial lines using the
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It was introduced in August 1978, following its predecessor, the VT52, and communicated with its host system over serial lines using the
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Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. It is often referred to within the computing industry as DEC. (This acronym was frequently officially used by Digital itself,[1] but the official name was always DIGITAL.
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- This article refers to codes used as commands for computing devices. Escape sequence can also refer to a sequence of escape characters used in parsing source code.
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cursor is an indicator used to show the position on a computer monitor or other display device that will respond to input.
In most command line interfaces, the cursor is an underscore, a solid rectangle, or a vertical line, which may be flashing or steady, indicating where
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In most command line interfaces, the cursor is an underscore, a solid rectangle, or a vertical line, which may be flashing or steady, indicating where
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IBM 3270 is a class of terminals made by IBM since 1972 (known as "Display Devices") normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes. As such, it was the successor to the IBM 2260 display terminal.
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WYSE
(simulcast of WOXL 96.5 FM)
City of license Canton, North Carolina
Broadcast area Haywood and Buncombe County, North Carolina
Branding "Classic Hits 96.
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(simulcast of WOXL 96.5 FM)
City of license Canton, North Carolina
Broadcast area Haywood and Buncombe County, North Carolina
Branding "Classic Hits 96.
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