Information about Computation
Computation is a general term for any type of information processing that can be represented mathematically. This includes phenomena ranging from simple calculations to human thinking. In a more narrow meaning, computation is a process following a well defined model that is understood and can be expressed in an algorithm, protocol, network topology, etc.
In practice, digital computation is often used to simulate natural processes (for example, Evolutionary computation), including those that are more naturally described by analog models of computation (for example, Artificial neural network). In this situation, it is important to distinguish between the mechanism of computation and the simulated model.
An even more drastic point of view is the postulate of digital physics that the evolution of the universe itself is a computation.
An abstract model (or conceptual model) is a theoretical construct that represents something, with a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them.
..... Click the link for more information.
Classes of computation
Computation can be classified by at least three orthogonal criteria: digital vs analog, sequential vs parallel, batch vs interactive.In practice, digital computation is often used to simulate natural processes (for example, Evolutionary computation), including those that are more naturally described by analog models of computation (for example, Artificial neural network). In this situation, it is important to distinguish between the mechanism of computation and the simulated model.
Computations as a physical phenomenon
A computation can be seen as a purely physical phenomenon occurring inside a closed physical system called a computer. Examples of such physical systems include digital computers, quantum computers, DNA computers, molecular computers, analog computers or wetware computers. This point of view is the one adopted by the branch of theoretical physics called the physics of computation.An even more drastic point of view is the postulate of digital physics that the evolution of the universe itself is a computation.
Mathematical models of computation
In the theory of computation, mathematical models of computers are defined. A computation is the evolution over discrete time epochs of this model. Typical mathematical models of computers are the following: Different mathematical models of computers can be classified according to their expressive power, see the Chomsky hierarchy.History
The word computation has an archaic meaning (from its Latin etymological roots), but the word has come back in use with the arising of a new scientific discipline: computer science.See also
- Computing
- Physical information
- Real computation
- Reversible computation
- Theory of computation
- Physics of computation
- Hypercomputation
Information processing is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
For other uses, see Model.
An abstract model (or conceptual model) is a theoretical construct that represents something, with a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them.
..... Click the link for more information.
In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a finite list of well-defined instructions for accomplishing some task that, given an initial state, will proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes [1] [2] [3].
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A digital system is one that uses discrete values (often electrical voltages), representing numbers or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous range of values (ie, as in an analog system).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Analogue electronics (or analog in American English) are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, in digital electronics signals usually take only two different levels.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
sequence is an ordered list of objects (or events). Like a set, it contains members (also called elements or terms), and the number of terms (possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of some combination of multiple instances of programmed instructions and data on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Batch processing is execution of a series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without human interaction.
Batch jobs are set up so they can be run to completion without human interaction, so all input data is preselected through scripts or commandline parameters.
..... Click the link for more information.
Batch jobs are set up so they can be run to completion without human interaction, so all input data is preselected through scripts or commandline parameters.
..... Click the link for more information.
Interactive computation involves communication with the external world during the computation. This is in contrast to the traditional understanding of computation which assumes a simple interface between a computing agent and its environment, consisting in asking a question (input)
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In computer science evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence (more particularly computational intelligence) that involves combinatorial optimization problems.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a "neural network" (NN), is a mathematical model or computational model based on biological neural networks. It consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
system has a technical meaning, namely, it is the portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which in analysis is ignored except for its effects on the system.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
..... Click the link for more information.
quantum computer is any device for computation that makes direct use of distinctively quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Molecular computers are massively parallel computers taking advantage of the computational power of molecules (specifically biological).
Molectronics
..... Click the link for more information.
Molectronics
..... Click the link for more information.
Norden bombsight was a highly sophisticated optical/mechanical analog computer used by the United States Army Air Force during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War to aid the pilot of a bomber aircraft in dropping bombs accurately.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A wetware computer is an organic computer (also known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) built from living neurons. Professor Bill Ditto , at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is the primary researcher driving the creation of these artificially
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The study of the physics of computation relates to understanding the fundamental physical limits of computers. This field has led to the investigation of how thermodynamics limits information processing, the understanding of chaos and dynamical systems, and a rapidly growing effort
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Digital physics holds the basic premise that the entire history of our universe is computable, that is, the output of a (presumably short) computer program.
In more detail, it involves one or more of the following hypotheses.
..... Click the link for more information.
In more detail, it involves one or more of the following hypotheses.
..... Click the link for more information.
Turing machines are extremely basic abstract symbol-manipulating devices which, despite their simplicity, can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer that could possibly be constructed. They were described in 1936 by Alan Turing.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In automata theory, a pushdown automaton (PDA) is a finite automaton that can make use of a stack containing data.
..... Click the link for more information.
Operation
Pushdown automata differ from normal finite state machines in two ways:- They can use the top of the stack to decide which transition to take.
..... Click the link for more information.
finite state machine (FSM) or finite state automaton (plural: automata) or simply a state machine is a model of behavior composed of a finite number of states, transitions between those states, and actions.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Within the field of computer science, specifically in the area of formal languages, the Chomsky hierarchy (occasionally referred to as Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
..... Click the link for more information.
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
..... Click the link for more information.
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
computing is synonymous with counting and calculating. Originally, people that performed these functions were known as computers. Today it refers to a science and technology that deals with the computation and the manipulation of symbols.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
