Information about Co Operative Breeding

Cooperative breeding is a social system in which individuals help care for young that are not their own. The non-parental care givers (alloparents) may be other reproducing adults, as in the case of lionesses who litter at the same time nursing and caring for their cubs communally; reproductively mature but non-reproducing adults, as in subordinate wolves helping to feed and protect the pups of the alpha female; sub-fertile or infertile adults, such as the worker castes in social insects species; post-reproductive adults, as in human grandmothers caring for their grandchildren; or sub-adults, as in young Florida scrub jays who stay with their parents a year or two as helpers at the nest before leaving to mate. Bi-parental care, in which a male forgoes pursuit of additional mating opportunities to serve as an allomother and help care for youngsters that are likely his offspring, shares many characteristics with cooperative breeding and could be considered a subset of it.

See also

Sources

  • The Past, Present, and Future of the Human Family, by Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, one of The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Delivered at University of Utah February 27 and 28, 2001 http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/Hrdy_02.pdf
  • BIO 555/755 Behavioral Ecology, Instructor: Gary Ritchison
  • Lecture Notes 8: Cooperation & Helping - Cooperative Breeding in Vertebrates [1]
  • Lecture Notes 8b: Insect Sociality [2]
  • Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, by Nancy G. Solomon (Editor), Jeffrey A. French (Editor) Cambridge University Press (November 28, 1996), ISBN 0-521-45491-3

Further reading

  • Mace, R. and Sear, R. (2005) Are humans cooperative breeders? In: Grandmotherhood: the Evolutionary Significance of the Second Half of Female Life. Edited by E. Voland, A. Chasiotis & W. Schiefenhoevel. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway. pp 143-159. Full text
Social structure is a term frequently used in sociology and more specifically in social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Jary and Jary 1991, Abercrombie et al 2000).
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Care or CARE may be:
  • Care of residents in a home for people with disabilities
  • Health-care, the maintenance of health by the medical professions
  • Duty of care in tort law
  • Care (band), a former rock band from Liverpool

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In biology and sociology, alloparenting is where individuals other than the actual parents act in a parental role.

One common form of alloparenting is where grandparents adopt a parental role. This is sometimes named a "skipped generation household".
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The grandmother hypothesis is meant to explain why menopause, rare in mammal species, arose in human evolution, and how late life infertility could actually confer an evolutionary advantage.
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Helpers at the nest is a term used in behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology to describe a social structure in which juveniles, of one or both sexes, remain in association with their parents and help them in raising subsequent broods or litters, instead of dispersing and
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Bi-parental care is when both parents (usually animal) care for an offspring. A roadrunner is an example of bi-parental care.

also known as parental care
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In sociobiology and behavioural ecology, the term mating system is used to describe the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behavior. The mating system specifies what males mate with what females under what circumstances.
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Breeding season is the most suitable season usually with favorable conditions and abundant food and water when wild animals and birds (wildlife) have naturally evolved to breed to achieve the best reproductive success.
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Many species breed in colonies or large communities which is known as communal breeding. It is common to see large congregations of these species in particular favorable locations in their breeding seasons.
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