Information about Clathrate
A clathrate or clathrate compound or cage compound is a chemical substance consisting of a lattice of one type of molecule trapping and containing a second type of molecule. (The word comes from the Latin clathratus meaning furnished with a lattice). For example, a clathrate hydrate involves a special type of gas hydrate that consists of water molecules enclosing a trapped gas. Scientists believe that compounds on the sea bed have trapped large amounts of methane in similar configurations. Researchers have begun to investigate silicon and germanium clathrates for possible semiconducting and superconducting properties.
A clathrate therefore is a material which is a weak composite, with molecules of suitable size captured in spaces which are left by the other compounds. They are also called host-guest complexes, inclusion compounds, and adducts (chiefly in the case of urea and thiourea). They used to be called "molecular compounds".
In 1945, H. M. Powell named these compounds clathrate. Clathrate complex used to refer only to the inclusion complex of hydroquinone, but recently it has been adopted for many complexes which consist of a host molecule (forming the basic frame) and a guest molecule (set in the host molecule by interaction). The clathrate complexes are various and include, for example, strong interaction via chemical bonds between host molecules and guest molecules, or guest molecules set in the geometrical space of host molecules by weak intermolecular force. Typical examples of host-guest complexes are inclusion compounds and intercalation compound.
The history of clathrate compounds is relatively new. Their study was begun by P. Pfeiffer in 1927. In 1930, E. Hertel defined molecular compounds as substances decomposed into individual components following the mass action law in solution or gas state. Therefore, basic information about clathrate compounds (then called molecular compounds) was known in those days. The development of clathrate compounds was attained by analyzing crystal structure by Powell (mentioned above), and they were applied to the separation of paraffin using a urea or thiourea host. Thereafter, cyclodextrin, crown ether, and cryptand were found as host molecules (see figure). A much studied host molecule is Dianin's compound.
In analyzing and separating techniques, the concept of inclusion compounds has taken root and many applications of them are known. It is possible to isolate not only chemically different species but also structural isomers, positional isomers (enantiomers and diastereomers), and radioactive isomers using clathrate compounds.
The structure of Clathrates is also related to the structure of foams (see Weaire-Phelan structure).
For a theory regarding the sudden release of methane clathrate from ocean sediments see clathrate gun hypothesis.
A clathrate therefore is a material which is a weak composite, with molecules of suitable size captured in spaces which are left by the other compounds. They are also called host-guest complexes, inclusion compounds, and adducts (chiefly in the case of urea and thiourea). They used to be called "molecular compounds".
In 1945, H. M. Powell named these compounds clathrate. Clathrate complex used to refer only to the inclusion complex of hydroquinone, but recently it has been adopted for many complexes which consist of a host molecule (forming the basic frame) and a guest molecule (set in the host molecule by interaction). The clathrate complexes are various and include, for example, strong interaction via chemical bonds between host molecules and guest molecules, or guest molecules set in the geometrical space of host molecules by weak intermolecular force. Typical examples of host-guest complexes are inclusion compounds and intercalation compound.
)
Examples of host molecules
In analyzing and separating techniques, the concept of inclusion compounds has taken root and many applications of them are known. It is possible to isolate not only chemically different species but also structural isomers, positional isomers (enantiomers and diastereomers), and radioactive isomers using clathrate compounds.
The structure of Clathrates is also related to the structure of foams (see Weaire-Phelan structure).
For a theory regarding the sudden release of methane clathrate from ocean sediments see clathrate gun hypothesis.
See also
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
lattice in Rn is a discrete subgroup of Rn which spans the real vector space Rn. Every lattice in Rn
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Clathrate hydrates (or alternatively gas clathrates, gas hydrates, clathrates, hydrates etc) are a class of solids in which gas molecules occupy "cages" made up of hydrogen-bonded water molecules.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hydrate is a term used in inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains water.
In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water to a host molecule. Thus ethanol could be considered to be the hydrate of ethylene.
..... Click the link for more information.
In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water to a host molecule. Thus ethanol could be considered to be the hydrate of ethylene.
..... Click the link for more information.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Gas is one of the four major states of matter, consisting of freely moving atoms or molecules without a definite shape. Compared to the solid and liquid states of matter a gas has lower density and a lower viscosity.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas. Methane's bond angles are 109.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Silicon (IPA: /ˈsɪlɪkən/ or /ˈsɪlɪˌkɑn/, Latin: silicium
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Germanium (IPA: /dʒə(r)ˈmeɪniəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ge and atomic number 32.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A semiconductor is a solid that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically.[1] Semiconductors are tremendously important in technology.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at extremely low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO.
Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe.
..... Click the link for more information.
Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Nonproprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thiourea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen, with the formula CSN2H4 or (NH2)2CS. It is similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In physics, chemistry, and biology, intermolecular forces are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules. These non-covalent forces, which give rise to bonding energies of less than a few kcal/mol, are generally much weaker than the
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
inclusion compound is a complex in which one chemical compound the host forms a cavity which molecules of a second compound the guest are located. The definition of inclusion compounds is very broad, it extends to channels formed between molecules in a crystal
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In chemistry, Law of Mass Action has two aspects: 1) the equilibrium aspect, concerning the composition of a reaction mixture at equilibrium and 2) the kinetic aspect concerning the rate equations for elementary reactions.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Paraffin is a common name for a group of alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. The simplest paraffin molecule is that of methane, CH4, a gas at room temperature.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cyclodextrins (sometimes called cycloamyloses) make up a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, composed of 5 or more α-D-glucopyranoside units linked 1->4, as in amylose (a fragment of starch). The 5-membered macrocycle is not natural.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Crown ethers are heterocyclic chemical compounds that, in their simplest form, are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide. The essential repeating unit of any simple crown ether is ethyleneoxy, i.e.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cryptands are a family of synthetic bi- and polycyclic multidentate ligands for a variety of cations.[2] The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1987 was given to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Dianin's compound is 4-p-hydroxyphenyl-2,2,4-trimethylchroman and invented by A.P. Dianin in 1914 [1]. This compound is a condensation isomer of bisphenol A and acetone and of special importance in host-guest chemistry because it can form a large variety of
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Weaire-Phelan structure is a complex 3-dimensional structure. In 1993, Denis Weaire and Robert Phelan, two physicists based at Trinity College Dublin found that in computer simulations of foam, this structure was a better solution of the Kelvin problem than a foam of truncated
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate or methane ice, is a solid form of water that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure (a clathrate hydrate).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The clathrate gun hypothesis states that as sea temperatures rise the sudden release of methane from methane clathrate compounds buried in the seabeds will cause a drastic alteration of the ocean environment and the atmosphere of earth, as recent analysis concerning the Permian
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Chelation (from Greek χηλή, chelè, meaning claw; pronounced [ˌki:ˈleɪʃən]) is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate ligand.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The clathrate gun hypothesis states that as sea temperatures rise the sudden release of methane from methane clathrate compounds buried in the seabeds will cause a drastic alteration of the ocean environment and the atmosphere of earth, as recent analysis concerning the Permian
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
