Information about Chlophazolin
Clonidine is a direct-acting adrenergic agonist prescribed historically as an anti-hypertensive agent. It has found new uses, including treatment of some types of neuropathic pain, opioid detoxification, sleep hyperhydrosis, and, off-label, to counter the side effects of stimulant medications such as methylphenidate or amphetamine. It is becoming a more accepted treatment for insomnia, as well as for relief of menopausal symptoms. Clonidine is increasingly used in conjunction with stimulants to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where it's given in late afternoon and/or evening for sleep, and because it sometimes helps moderate ADHD-associated impulsive and oppositional behavior, and may reduce tics.[1] Clonidine can also be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome.[2]
Clonidine is typically available as tablets (Catapres, Dixarit), as a transdermal patch (Catapres-TTS), or as an injectable form to be given epidurally, directly to the central nervous system.
Clonidine is regularly prescribed to opiate addicts to help alleviate their withdrawal symptomology. It is mainly used to combat the sympathetic nervous system response to opiate withdrawal, namely tachycardia and hypertension, in the first couple days of withdrawals. It helps take away the sweating, hot/cold flashes, and general restlessness. The sedation effect is also useful.
Indications
The main use for this medication is used to treat high blood pressure. It works by stimulating certain brain receptors (alpha adrenergic type) which results in the relaxing of blood vessels in other parts of the body, causing them to widen.)
Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch
Clonidine is typically available as tablets (Catapres, Dixarit), as a transdermal patch (Catapres-TTS), or as an injectable form to be given epidurally, directly to the central nervous system.
Non-FDA approved uses
This medication may also be used to ease withdrawal symptoms associated with the long-term use of narcotics, alcohol and nicotine (smoking). In addition, clonidine has also been used for migraine headaches, hot flashes associated with menopause, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[3][4]Clonidine is regularly prescribed to opiate addicts to help alleviate their withdrawal symptomology. It is mainly used to combat the sympathetic nervous system response to opiate withdrawal, namely tachycardia and hypertension, in the first couple days of withdrawals. It helps take away the sweating, hot/cold flashes, and general restlessness. The sedation effect is also useful.
Adverse effects
This drug may cause drowsiness, lightheadedness, dry mouth, dizziness, or constipation. Clonidine may also cause hypotension.[5] Sucking on sugarless hard candy or ice chips, chewing sugarless gum, drinking water, and using a saliva substitute may help relieve dry mouth.Pharmacodynamics
Clonidine is a centrally-acting α-adrenergic receptor agonist with more affinity for α2 than α1. It selectively stimulates receptors in the brain that monitor catecholamine levels in the blood. These receptors close a negative feedback loop that begins with descending sympathetic nerves from the brain that control the production of catecholamines (epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, and norepinephrine) in the adrenal medulla. By fooling the brain into believing that catecholamine levels are higher than they really are, clonidine causes the brain to reduce its signals to the adrenal medulla, which in turn lowers catecholamine production and blood levels. The result is a lowered heart rate and blood pressure, with side effects of dry mouth and fatigue. If clonidine is suddenly withdrawn the sympathetic nervous system will revert to producing high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, higher even than before treatment, causing rebound hypertension. Rebound hypertension can be avoided by slowly withdrawing treatment.Clonidine suppression test
Clonidine's effect on reducing circulating epinephrine by a central mechanism was used in the past as an investigatory test for pheochromocytomae, which are catecholamine-synthesizing tumors, usually of the adrenal medulla. In a Clonidine suppression test plasma catecholamines levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 ug/kg oral test dose has been given to a patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.Footnotes
1. ^ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2002). "Methylphenidate and Clonidine Help Children With ADHD and Tics".
2. ^ Schapiro NA. "Dude, you don't have Tourette's": Tourette's syndrome, beyond the tics. Pediatr Nurs. 2002 May-Jun;28(3):243-6, 249-53. PMID 12087644
3. ^ Clonidine Oral Uses. Web MD.
4. ^ Clonidine. Drugs.com.
5. ^ Hossmann V; Maling TJ, Hamilton CA, Reid JL, Dollery CT. (Aug 1980). "Sedative and cardiovascular effects of clonidine and nitrazepam.". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 28 (2): 167-76. PMID 7398184.
2. ^ Schapiro NA. "Dude, you don't have Tourette's": Tourette's syndrome, beyond the tics. Pediatr Nurs. 2002 May-Jun;28(3):243-6, 249-53. PMID 12087644
3. ^ Clonidine Oral Uses. Web MD.
4. ^ Clonidine. Drugs.com.
5. ^ Hossmann V; Maling TJ, Hamilton CA, Reid JL, Dollery CT. (Aug 1980). "Sedative and cardiovascular effects of clonidine and nitrazepam.". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 28 (2): 167-76. PMID 7398184.
Antihypertensives (C02) and diuretics (C03) | |
|---|---|
| Antiadrenergic agents (including alpha) | centrally acting (Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa, Moxonidine, Rescinnamine, Reserpine, Rilmenidine) • ganglion-blocking/nicotinic antagonist (Mecamylamine, Trimethaphan) • peripherally acting (Prazosin, Guanethidine, Indoramin, Doxazosin) |
| Vasodilators | Diazoxide • Hydralazine • Minoxidil • Nitroprusside • Phentolamine |
| Other antihypertensives | serotonin antagonist (Ketanserin) • endothelin receptor antagonist (Bosentan, Ambrisentan, Sitaxsentan) |
| Low ceiling diuretics | Thiazide (Bendroflumethiazide, Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide) • Chlortalidone • Indapamide • Quinethazone • Mersalyl • Metolazone • Theobromine • Cicletanine |
| High ceiling diuretics | Loop diuretic (Bumetanide, Furosemide, Torasemide) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Amiloride • Eplerenone • Spironolactone • Triamterene |
Antimigraine preparations (N02C) | |
|---|---|
| Ergot alkaloids | Dihydroergotamine • Ergotamine • Methysergide • Lisuride |
| Corticosteroid derivatives | Flumedroxone |
| Selective serotonin (5-HT1) agonists | Triptans (Almotriptan, Eletriptan, Frovatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan) |
| Other antimigraine preparations | Pizotifen • Clonidine • Iprazochrome • Dimetotiazine • Oxetorone |
Ophthalmologicals: antiglaucoma preparations and miotics (S01E) | |
|---|---|
| Sympathomimetics | Apraclonidine • Brimonidine • Clonidine • Dipivefrine • Epinephrine |
| Parasympathomimetics | Aceclidine • Acetylcholine • Carbachol • Demecarium • Echothiophate • Stigmine (Fluostigmine, Neostigmine, Physostigmine) • Paraoxon • Pilocarpine |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Acetazolamide • Brinzolamide • Diclofenamide • Dorzolamide • Methazolamide |
| Beta blocking agents | Befunolol • Betaxolol • Carteolol • Levobunolol • Metipranolol • Timolol |
| Prostaglandin analogues | Bimatoprost • Latanoprost • Travoprost • Unoprostone |
| Other agents | Dapiprazole • Guanethidine |
Adrenergic can refer to:
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- the adjective form of adrenalin
- adrenergic agonist
- adrenergic antagonist
- adrenergic receptor
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Hypertension
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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Neuropathy
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 G 56. - G 63. ,
G 90.0 , G 99.0
ICD-9 337.0 - 337.1 ,
356 - 357 , 377
eMedicine topic list Neuropathy is usually short for peripheral neuropathy
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 G 56. - G 63. ,
G 90.0 , G 99.0
ICD-9 337.0 - 337.1 ,
356 - 357 , 377
eMedicine topic list Neuropathy is usually short for peripheral neuropathy
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An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. The main use is for pain relief. These agents work by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
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Detox, short for detoxification, in general is the removal of toxic substances from the body. It is one of the major functions of the liver, lower gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, but can also be achieved artificially by techniques such as dialysis and (in a very limited
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Sleep hyperhidrosis
Classifications and external resources
ICD-10 R 61.9
ICD-9 780.8 , 327
Sleep hyperhidrosis, more commonly known as the night sweats, is the occurrence of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) during sleep.
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Classifications and external resources
ICD-10 R 61.9
ICD-9 780.8 , 327
Sleep hyperhidrosis, more commonly known as the night sweats, is the occurrence of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) during sleep.
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Off-label use is the practice of prescribing drugs for a purpose outside the scope of the drug's approved label, most often concerning the drug's indication. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires numerous clinical trials to prove a drug's safety and
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Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They usually have increased side-effects with increased effectiveness, and the more powerful variants are therefore often prescription medicines or illegal drugs.
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Indicated for:
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- ADD
- ADHD
- narcolepsy
- Stimulant / "Speed" / "Uppers"
- treatment-resistant depression
- appetite suppressant
- antidepressant augmentation
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Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children.
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MeSH D007319
Insomnia is a sleeping disorder characterized by the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of time.
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Insomnia is a sleeping disorder characterized by the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of time.
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tic is a sudden, repetitive, stereotyped, nonrhythmic movement (motor tic) or sound (phonic tic) that involves discrete groups of muscles. Tics can be invisible to the observer (e.g.; abdominal tensing or toe crunching). Movements of other movement disorders (e.g.
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tablet is a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted into a solid. The excipients include binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive
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transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a time released dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals can be delivered by transdermal patches.
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An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body.
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loading dose to initiate the nerve block.
Typically, the effects of the epidural are noted below a specific level on the body (dermatome). This level (the "block height") is chosen by the anaesthetist. The level is usually 3-4 dermatomes higher than the point of insertion.
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Typically, the effects of the epidural are noted below a specific level on the body (dermatome). This level (the "block height") is chosen by the anaesthetist. The level is usually 3-4 dermatomes higher than the point of insertion.
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The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior.
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opiate describes any of the narcotic alkaloids found in opium.
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Overview
The main opiates derived from opium are morphine, codeine, thebaine, and Papaverine, Noscapine, narceine and approximately 25 other alkaloids are also present, but have essentially little to no effect..... Click the link for more information.
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress.
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Tachycardia
Classifications and external resources
ICD-10 R 00.0
ICD-9 785.0
MeSH D013610 Tachycardia is a form of cardiac arrhythmia which refers to a rapid beating of the heart.
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Classifications and external resources
ICD-10 R 00.0
ICD-9 785.0
MeSH D013610 Tachycardia is a form of cardiac arrhythmia which refers to a rapid beating of the heart.
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Hypertension
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 10. ,I 11. ,I 12. ,
I 13. ,I 15.
ICD-9 401.x
OMIM 145500
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000468
eMedicine med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267
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MeSH D007022
In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.
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In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.
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An adrenergic is a drug, or other substance, which has effects similar to, or the same as, epinephrine (adrenaline). Alternatively, it may refer to something which is susceptible to epinephrine, or similar substances, such as a biological receptor (specifically, the adrenergic
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Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine containing catechol and amine groups. Some of them are biogenic amines. Catecholamines are water soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
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Epinephrine (INN) (IPA: [ˌɛpɪˈnɛfrən]) or adrenaline (European Pharmacopoeia and BAN) (IPA: [əˈdrɛnələn]
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Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. norepi or NE) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. The natural stereoisomer is L -(−)-(R)-norepinephrine.
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In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, "near" or "at" + -renes, "kidneys").
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Rebound hypertension is high blood pressure associated with sudden withdrawal of various antihypertensive medications. The increases in blood pressure may result in blood pressures greater than when the medication was initiated.
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