Chart

Information about Chart

“Plotting” redirects here. For other uses, see Plot.

A chart or graph is a type of information graphic or graphic organizer that represents tabular numeric data and/or functions. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationship between different parts of the data. Charts can usually be read more quickly than the raw data that they come from. They are used in a wide variety of fields, and can be created by hand (often on graph paper) or by computer using a charting application.

Certain types of charts are more useful for presenting a given data set than others. For example, data that presents percentages in different groups (such as "satisfied, not satisfied, unsure") are often displayed in a pie chart, but are more easily understood when presented in a horizontal bar chart. On the other hand, data that represents numbers that change over a period of time (such as "annual revenue from 1990 to 2000") might be best shown as a line chart.

Usage note: many information graphics or diagrams include the word "chart" in their name but are covered in those other articles (e.g., flowchart, org chart, smith chart).

Types of charts

Common charts

Line chart of Speed Vs Time

A scatterplot uses Cartesian coordinates to show the relation of two or more quantitative variables.
A histogram typically shows the quantity of points that fall within various numeric ranges (or bins).
A bar graph uses bars to show frequencies or values for different categories.
A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie.
A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order.

Less-common charts

A box plot shows information about the distribution (minimum, maximum, mean average, etc.) along a single axis.
A bubble chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot where a third variable is represented by the size of the points.
A doughnut chart
A Polar area diagram (developed by Florence Nightingale) is an enhanced form of pie chart.
A radar chart (or "spider chart") is a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point.
A ternary plot is a barycentric plot on three variables which sum to a constant..
A waterfall chart also known as a "Walk" chart, is a special type of floating-column chart.

Field-specific charts

Some types of charts have specific uses in a certain field

Stock market prices are often depicted with a open-high-low-close chart with a traditional bar chart of volume at the bottom.
Candlestick charts are another type of bar chart used to describe price movements of an equity over time.
A Kagi chart is a time-independent stock tracking chart that attempts to minimise noise.
Alternatively, where less detail is required and chart size is paramount, a Sparkline may be used.
Interest rates, temperatures, etc., at the close of the period are plotted with a line chart.
Scatter charts plot readings of two variables simultaneously as dots between the X-axis and the Y-axis, such as for price and earnings.
Marketers use a lift chart to highlight performance.
Project planners use a Gantt chart to show the timing of tasks as they occur over time.
A phase diagram denotes the equilibrium conditions between thermodynamically-distinct phases.

Well-known (named) charts

Some specific charts have become well known by effectively explaining a phenomenon or idea.

Bode plot
The Dalitz plot is a scatterplot which represents the relative frequency of manners in which the products of certain three-body decays may move apart.
Gantt chart
Nichols plot
The Nolan chart is a libertarian political chart.
Nyquist plot
The Pournelle chart is a political chart to categorize state and rational ideologies.
Smith chart
The Airway (aviation) chart Chart A Type of map used by aviators for flight planning.
An Allele chart is a chart originating from the study of genetics to show the interaction of two data points in a grid.
A Lineweaver-Burk plot is used to represent and determine enzyme kinetics.

Charting software

Main article: List of information graphics software

Plot

Plot (narrative), the ordering of a narrative
A chart
A method of Visualising scientific data
The output of a plotter
Graph of a function in mathematics
Weather plots, in meteorology, isobar, isotherm, isogon, isotach, isohume, isodrosotherm

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Information graphics or infographics are visual representations of information, data or knowledge. These graphics are used anywhere where information needs to be explained quickly or simply, such as in signs, maps, journalism, technical writing, and education.
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Graphic organizers are visual representations of knowledge, concepts or ideas. They are known to help

relieve learner boredom
enhance recall
provide motivation
create interest
clarify information
assist in organizing thoughts

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table is both a mode of visual communication and a means of arranging data. The use of tables is pervasive throughout all communication, research and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs and
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number is an abstract idea used in counting and measuring. A symbol which represents a number is called a numeral, but in common usage the word number is used for both the idea and the symbol.
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graph of a function f is the collection of all ordered pairs (x,f(x)). In particular, graph means the graphical representation of this collection, in the form of a curve or surface, together with axes, etc.
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Graph paper, quad-ruled paper, graphing paper or millimeter paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid. The lines are often used as guides for plotting mathematical functions or experimental data and drawing diagrams.
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A Charting Application is a computer program that is used to graphically create a graphical representation (a chart) based on some non-graphical data that is entered by a user, most often through a spreadsheet application, but also through a dedicated specific scientific
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In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning "per hundred"). It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%". For example, 45 % (read as "forty-five percent") is equal to 45 / 100, or 0.45.
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pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating relative magnitudes or frequencies or percents. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.
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bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is a chart with rectangular bars of lengths usually proportional to the magnitudes or frequencies of what they represent. Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values. The bars can be horizontally or vertically oriented.
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line chart.

For example, if one were to collect data on the speed of a body at certain points in time, a table such as the following might be produced.

Table of data
Elapsed Time (s) Speed (ms^-1)
0 0
1 3
2 7
3 12
4 20
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A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc used in all aspects of human activities to visualize and clarify the topic.
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flowchart (also spelled flow-chart and flow chart) is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a process. A flowchart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also includes the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect
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An organizational chart is a chart which represents the structure of an organization in terms of rank. The chart usually shows the managers and sub-workers who make up an organization.
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The Smith Chart, invented by Phillip H. Smith (1905-1987),^[1]^[2] is a graphical aid or nomogram designed for electrical and electronics engineers specializing in radio frequency (RF) engineering to assist in solving problems with transmission lines and
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scatterplot, scatter diagram or scatter graph is a chart that uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having one coordinate on the horizontal axis and one on the vertical axis.
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Cartesian coordinate system (also called rectangular coordinate system) is used to determine each point uniquely in a plane through two numbers, usually called the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate of the point.
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histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. A histogram is the graphical version of a table that shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories.
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boxplot (also known as a box-and-whisker diagram or plot or candlestick chart) is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their five-number summaries (the smallest observation, lower quartile (Q1), median, upper quartile (Q3),
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In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list of the values that a variable takes in a sample. It is usually a list, ordered by quantity, showing the number of times each value appears.
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The Tonnetz (German for "tone-network") is a conceptual lattice diagram invented by Leonhard Euler in 1739 that shows a two-dimensional tonal pitch space created by the network of relationships between musical pitches in just intonation.
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Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), who came to be known as The Lady with the Lamp, was a pioneer of modern nursing, a writer and a noted statistician.
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A spider chart, also known as a radar chart or star chart, is two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point. The relative position and angle of the axes is uninformative.
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A ternary plot, ternary graph, triangle plot, simplex plot, or de Finetti diagram is a barycentric plot on three variables which sum to a constant. It graphically depicts the ratios of the three variables as positions in an equilateral triangle.
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A waterfall chart is a special type of floating-column chart. A typical waterfall chart shows how an initial value is increased and decreased by a series of intermediate values, leading to a final value.
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