Information about Carboxylation
Carboxylation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is introduced in a substrate. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation.
The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner.[5] γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity.[6] For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury.[7]
Carboxylation in organic chemistry
In organic chemistry many different protocols exist for carboxylation. One general approach is by reaction of nucleophiles with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) [1] or formic acid [2] [3]Carboxylation in biochemistry
Carboxylation in biochemistry is a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver and is performed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase.[4]The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner.[5] γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity.[6] For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury.[7]
References
1. ^ ''REGIO- AND STEREOSELECTIVE CARBOXYLATION OF ALLYLIC BARIUM REAGENTS: (E)-4,8-DIMETHYL-3,7-NONADIENOIC ACID Akira Yanagisawa, Katsutaka Yasue, and Hisashi Yamamoto1 Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.317 (1998); Vol. 74, p.178 (1997) link.
2. ^ 1-ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID H. Koch and W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.20 (1973); Vol. 44, p.1 (1964) Link.
3. ^ 1-METHYLCYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID'' W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.739 (1973); Vol. 46, p.72 (1966).
4. ^ OMIM - gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, contributed by McKusick VA, last updated October 2004 [1]
5. ^ Morris DP, Stevens RD, Wright DJ, Stafford DW (1995). "Processive post-translational modification. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of a peptide substrate". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (51): 30491-8. PMID 8530480.
6. ^ Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Gallop PM (1975). "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (10): 3925-9. PMID 1060074.
7. ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
2. ^ 1-ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID H. Koch and W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.20 (1973); Vol. 44, p.1 (1964) Link.
3. ^ 1-METHYLCYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID'' W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.739 (1973); Vol. 46, p.72 (1966).
4. ^ OMIM - gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, contributed by McKusick VA, last updated October 2004 [1]
5. ^ Morris DP, Stevens RD, Wright DJ, Stafford DW (1995). "Processive post-translational modification. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of a peptide substrate". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (51): 30491-8. PMID 8530480.
6. ^ Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Gallop PM (1975). "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (10): 3925-9. PMID 1060074.
7. ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances.[1] The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted acids — they are proton donors.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Substrate may mean:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Substrate (aquarium), the material used in the bottom of an aquarium
- Substrate (biochemistry), a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme
- Substrate (materials science), the material on which a process is conducted
..... Click the link for more information.
Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (-COOH) is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide (CO2).
..... Click the link for more information.
In biochemistry
Common biosynthetic decarboxylations of amino acids to amines are:- tryptophan to tryptamine
..... Click the link for more information.
Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen, which may
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a reagent that forms a chemical bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
43 (2): 109-113.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most famously in the venom of bee and ant stings.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.[1] The word "biochemistry" comes from the Greek word βιοχημεία biochēmeia, which means "the chemistry of life.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Post-translational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins. A protein (also called a polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glutamic acid or glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E; Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). Glutamate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin K denotes a group of lipophilic, and hydrophobic, vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Chemically they are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thrombin (activated Factor II [IIa]) is a coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. It is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.5 ) that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are the cell fragments circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thrombin (activated Factor II [IIa]) is a coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. It is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.5 ) that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Organic Syntheses is a scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures for the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Organic Syntheses is a scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures for the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Organic Syntheses is a scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures for the organic synthesis of organic compounds.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including stereochemistry). For a typical unbranched, un-crosslinked biopolymer (such as a molecule of DNA, RNA or typical intracellular
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Post-translational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins. A protein (also called a polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) refers to the end of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (-NH2).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. Deacetylation is the removal of the acetyl group.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) of a protein or polypeptide is the end of the amino acid chain terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
amide is one of two kinds of compounds:
..... Click the link for more information.
- the organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom (N), or a compound that contains this functional group (pictured to the right); or
- a particular kind of nitrogen anion.
..... Click the link for more information.
Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K)[1] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. This term is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and the biological sciences.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
