Cannulae

Information about Cannulae

A cannula (from Latin "little reed"; plural cannulae) is a flexible tube which when inserted into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert medication.

Decannulation is the permanent removal of a cannula (extubation)^[1], especially of a tracheostomy cannula.^[2]

Medicine

Cannulae normally come with a trocar attached which allows puncturing of the body to get into the intended space. Intravenous cannulae are the most common in hospital use. A variety of cannulae are used to establish cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. Nasal cannula is a piece of plastic tubing which runs under the nose and is used to administer oxygen.

IV cannulation

A venous cannula is inserted into a vein, primarily for the administration of intravenous fluids and medicines. An arterial cannula is inserted into an artery, commonly the radial artery, and is used during major operations and in critical care areas to measure beat-to-beat blood pressure and to draw repeated blood samples.

Complications may arise in the vein as a result of the cannulation procedure, the 4 main groups of complication are:

hematoma: a collection of blood. Can result from failure to puncture the vein when the cannula is inserted or when the cannula is removed. Selection of an appropriate vein and gently applying pressure slightly above the insertion point as you remove the cannula may prevent this.
infiltration: when infusate enters the subcutaneous tissue instead of the vein. To prevent this a cannula with accurate trim distances may be used. It is essential to fix the cannula in place firmly.
embolism: this can be caused by air, a thrombus, or fragment of a catheter breaking off and entering the venous system. Such things can go on to lodge in an artery, blocking circulation to the corresponding area. To avoid air embolus, make sure that there is no air in the system. To avoid a thromboembolism use a smaller cannula. Avoid the catheter breaking by never reinserting the needle.
phlebitis: an inflammation of the vein resulting from mechanical or chemical irritation or from an infection. Phlebitis can be avoided by carefully choosing the site for cannulation and by checking the type of infusate you use.

Veterinary use

A cannula is also used in an emergency procedure to relieve pressure and bloating in cattle due most commonly to their accidentally grazing wilted legume or legume-dominant pastures, particularly alfalfa, ladino, and red and white clover^[3].

They are also a component used in the insertion of the Verichip.

Body piercing

Cannulae are used in body piercing when using a standard IV needle (usually between 18GA and 12GA, although may be as large as 0GA, in which case the procedure is known as dermal punching and uses a biopsy punch without a cannula), and for inserting hooks for suspensions.

During piercing, the fistula is created by inserting the needle. The needle is then removed, leaving the cannula in place, which is sometimes trimmed down. The cannula is then removed and sterile jewellery is inserted into the fistula simultaneously, in order to minimise trauma to the fresh fistula caused by insertion of blunt-ended jewellery.

Non-medical use

Cannulae are used in laboratory chemistry to transfer a liquid between flasks without exposing it to the atmosphere. In this case, the cannula can be thought of as a double-ended needle, made of stainless steel or plastic. Larger bores (16-22 gauge) are usually used^[4] to avoid clogging. The sharp ends allow them to penetrate septa easily.

In biological research, a push-pull cannula, which both withdraws and injects fluid, can be used to determine the effect of a certain chemical on a specific cell. The push part of the cannula is fiilled with a physiological solution plus the chemical of interest and is then injected slowly into the local cellular environment of a cell. The pull cannula then draws liquid from the extracellular medium, thus measuring the cellular response to the chemical of interest. This technique is especially used for neuroscience.

In general aviation, a cannula refers to a piece of plastic tubing which runs under the nose and is used to administer oxygen in non-pressurized aircraft flying above 10,000 feet above sea level in Canada and above 12,500 feet above sea level in the United States.

References

1. ^ Children with Tracheostomies Resource Guide, by Marilyn K. Kertoy, page 15 (Google book search)
2. ^ Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
3. ^ Diseases of the Ruminant Forestomach : Bloat, Merck Veterinary Manual
4. ^ Rob Toreki (1 Dec 2004). Cannulas. The Glassware Gallery. Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated.

Medicine is the science and "" of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. The term is derived from the Latin ars medicina meaning the art of healing.
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A tracheotomy or tracheostomy is a surgical procedure performed by paramedics, emergency physicians and surgeons in order to secure an airway. The procedure is performed on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe).
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A trocar (Fr. "three side") is a hollow cylinder with a sharply pointed end, often three-sided, that is used to introduce cannulas and other similar implements into blood vessels or body cavities. Trocars are also used as ports in laparoscopic surgery.
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Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip.
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Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body.
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Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart and/or great vessels performed by a cardiac surgeon. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease
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The nasal cannula is a device used in the hospital, in a pre-hospital setting, or at home to deliver supplemental oxygen to a patient or person in need of extra oxygen. This device consists of a plastic tube which fits behind the ears, and a set of two prongs which are placed in
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hematoma, or haematoma, is a collection of blood, generally the result of hemorrhage, or, more specifically, internal bleeding. Hematomas exist as bruises (ecchymoses), but can also develop in organs.

It is not to be confused with hemangioma.
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Infiltration is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of substances not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal. The material collected in those tissues or cells is also called infiltration.
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In medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli
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MeSH D010689 Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs.

When phlebitis is associated with the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), usually in the deep veins of the legs, the condition is called thrombophlebitis.
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software bloat). It is also a collective noun for a group of hippopotami. For the medical condition in humans, see gas bloat syndrome (surgery complication) and gastric volvulus; see also abdominal discomfort.
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legume is a simple dry fruit which develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although pod is also applied to a few other fruit types.
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M. sativa

Binomial name
Medicago sativa
L.

Subspecies

Medicago sativa subsp. ambigua (Trautv.) Tutin
Medicago sativa subsp.
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Ladino may refer to:

Ladino language, a Judeo-Spanish language primarily spoken among Sephardic Jewish communities
Ladin, a Romance language spoken in Northern Italy called Ladino in Italian
Black Ladinos

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Trifolium
L.

Species
See text

Clover (Trifolium) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family Fabaceae.
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VeriChip is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved human-implantable radio-frequency identification (RFID) microchip. It is marketed by VeriChip Corporation, a subsidiary of Applied Digital Solutions, and it received United States FDA approval in 2004.
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Body piercing usually refers to the piercing of a part of the human body for the purpose of wearing jewelry in the opening created. Body piercing is a form of body modification.
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Dermal punching is a body modification method by which larger sections of flesh or cartilage can be removed than is possible by using standard piercing needles. The tool used is similar to a hole punch in that it removes a circular piece of flesh in one go.
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suspension is the act of suspending a human body from hooks that have been put through body piercings. These piercings are temporary and are performed just prior to the actual suspension.
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MeSH D005402 In medicine, a fistula (pl. fistulas or fistulae) is an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect. It is a very serious and painful disorder.
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septum (Latin: something that encloses; plural Septa) is a partition separating two cavities or spaces. Examples include:

Nasal septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the human nose.

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Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. Such studies may include the structure, function, evolutionary history, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system.
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