Blue Energy

Information about Blue Energy

Blue energy is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water with the use of reverse electrodialysis (RED) (or osmosis) with ion specific membranes. The waste product in this process is brackish water.

The technology of reversed electrodialysis has been confirmed in laboratory conditions. As in common technologies, the cost of the membrane was an obstacle. A new, cheap membrane, based on an electrically modified polyethylene plastic, made it fit for potential commercial use.

The water potential between fresh water and sea water corresponds to a pressure of 26 bars. This pressure is equivalent to a column of water 270 metres high.^[1] However, the optimal working pressure is only half of this, 11 to 15 bar.^[2]

In the Netherlands, for example, more than 3,300 m³ fresh water runs into the sea per second on average. The energy potential is therefore 3,300 MW, based on an output of 1 MW/m³ fresh water.

Size

As in a fuel cell, the cells are stacked. A module with a capacity of 250 kW has the size of a shipping container.

Testing

2005 A 50 kW plant is located at a coastal test site in Harlingen, the Netherlands. The focus is on prevention of biofouling on the anode, cathode and membranes and increasing the membrane performance.

Statkraft in Norway has decided to build a osmotic power plant prototype in Hurum in Buskerud. The prototype is planned to produce 2-4 kW at the start in 2008.^[3]

References

1. ^ How does it work? - Statkraft
2. ^ Osmoosivoimalan toiminta - Tekniikka & Talous (Finnish)
3. ^ Statkraft to build world's first osmotic power plant

KEMA/VolkerWessels/Velsen Flexoplast
KEMA
Wetsus 1
Wetsus 2
Wetsus 3 specific page
Osmotic Energy (1995)
Salinity Power UN Report
Norway gets the worlds first salt power plant
Statkraft builds the worlds first salt power plant

Loeb S., Norman R. S. (1975). "Osmotic Power Plants". Science 189: 654-655. DOI:10.1126/science.189.4203.654.
Loeb S. (1998). "Energy Production at the Dead Sea by Pressure-Retarded Osmosis: Challenge or Chimera?". Desalination 120: 247-262. DOI:10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00222-7.
Norman R. S. (1974). "Water Salination: A Source of Energy". Science 186. DOI:10.1126/science.186.4161.350.
Cath T. Y., Childress A. E., Elimelech M. (2006). "Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science 281: 70-87.
Loeb S. (1988). "Comments on the suitability of reverse osmosis membranes for energy recover by submarine osmotic power plants Desalination (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science 68: 75-76. DOI:10.1016/0011-9164(88)80044-4.
Loeb S. (2002). "Large-scale power production by pressure-retarded osmosis, using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules desalination (Review)". Journal of Membrane Science 143: 115-122. DOI:10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00233-3.

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Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of ~3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand. This means that every 1 kg of seawater has approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts (mostly, but not entirely, the ions of sodium chloride: Na
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Fresh Water is the debut album by Australian rock and blues singer Alison McCallum, released in 1972. Rare for an Australian artist at the time, it came in a gatefold sleeve.
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Osmosis is the net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high solvent potential to an area of low solvent potential, up a solute concentration gradient.
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An artificial membrane, also called a synthetic membrane, is a membrane prepared for separation tasks in laboratory and industry. Its active part, which permits selective transport of material, usually consists of polymers or ceramics, seldom glass or metals.
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Brackish water (less commonly brack water) is water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.
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"Polythene" redirects here. For the Feeder album, see Polythene (album).

Polyethylene (IUPAC name polyethene) is a thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products.
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Water potential is the potential energy of water relative to pure water in reference conditions. It quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, or capillary action.
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The bar (symbol bar), decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb) are units of pressure. They are not SI units, but they are accepted for use with the SI.
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Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum. It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer.
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Motto
"Je maintiendrai" (French)
"Ik zal handhaven" (Dutch)
"I shall stand fast"¹
Anthem
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fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. It produces electricity from external supplies of fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant (on the cathode side). These react in the presence of an electrolyte.
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Harlingen

Flag
Seal

Country Netherlands
Province Friesland
Area (2006)
- Municipality 387.
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An anode is an electrode through which (positive) electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: ACE (Anode Current Enters).
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A cathode is an electrode through which (positive) electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: CCD (Cathode Current Departs). To dispel a common misconception, often incorrectly inferred from the correct fact that in all electrochemical
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Statkraft AS

State owned
Founded 1992
Headquarters Oslo, Norway

Key people Bård Mikkelsen (CEO)
Area served Norway
Industry Electricity
Revenue NOK 16,021 million (2005)
Operating income NOK 8,325 million (2005)
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Hurum is a municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway.

Hurum was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The small village of Holmsbu was granted township in 1847, but it did not become a municipality of its own.
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Buskerud (help info ) is a county in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Oppland, Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Telemark, and Vestfold. The county administration is located in Drammen.
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EDR desalination is an electrodialysis reversal desalination membrane process that has been commercially used since the early 1960s. An electric current migrates dissolved salt ions, including fluorides, nitrates and sulfates, through an electrodialysis stack consisting of
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Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side.
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semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a membrane which will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized
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Green energy is a term describing what is thought to be environmentally friendly sources of power and energy. Typically, this refers to renewable and non-polluting energy sources.

Electricity generated from renewable sources is becoming increasingly available.
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Renewable energy utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, and hydroelectricity to biomass and biofuels for transportation.
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KEMA (formerly Keuring Electrotechnisch Materieel Arnhem) is a multinational corporation for consultancy, quality assurance and product certification of electrical equipment and networks. It was founded in Arnhem, Netherlands in 1927.
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digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique identifying number that can be used by anyone to locate details of the paper, and
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