Information about Black Box
Black box is a technical term for a device or system or object when it is viewed primarily in terms of its input and output characteristics. Almost anything might occasionally be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, humans, the Internet.
The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection (such as a free software/open source program) which is sometimes known as a white box, a glass box, or a clear box. Points of view such as interactive computation may see the concept of a black box as a useful fiction.
The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection (such as a free software/open source program) which is sometimes known as a white box, a glass box, or a clear box. Points of view such as interactive computation may see the concept of a black box as a useful fiction.
Common usage
- In electronics, a sealed piece of replaceable equipment; see line-replaceable unit. (LRU)
- In computer programming and software engineering, black box testing is used to check that the output of a program is as expected, given certain inputs.[1] The term "black box" is used because the actual program being executed is not examined.
- In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see its inner workings (perhaps because it is a closed source program) or one which has no side effects and the function of which need not be examined, a routine suitable for re-use.
- In cybernetics a black box was described by Norbert Wiener as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification.[2] He saw the first step in Self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behaviour of a black box.
- In neural networking or heuristic algorithms (computer terms generally used to describe 'learning' computers or 'AI simulations') a Black Box is used to describe the constantly changing section of the program environment which cannot be tested by the programmers.
- In the stock market many people trade with "Black box" programs and algorithms designed by programmers.[3] These programs automatically trade user's accounts when certain technical market conditions suddenly exist (such as a SMA crossover).
- In physics, a black box is a system whose internal structure is unknown, or need not be considered for a particular purpose. Sometimes black box is used as a synonym for black body.
- In mathematical modelling, a limiting case.
- In philosophy and psychology, the school of behaviorism sees the human mind as a black box; see black box theory.[4]
- In cryptography to capture the notion of knowledge obtained by an algorithm through the execution of a cryptographic protocol such as a zero-knowledge proof protocol. If the output of the algorithm when interacting with the protocol can be simulated by a simulator that interacts only the algorithm, this means that the algorithm 'cannot know' anything more than the input of the simulator. If the simulator can only interact with the algorithm in a black box way, we speak of a black box simulator.
- In Theatre, a black box theatre is a theatre that the seating area and the stage can be changed into whatever the director wishes.
See also
References
1. ^ Black-Box Testing: Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems, by Boris Beizer, 1995. ISBN 0471120944
2. ^ Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, by Norbert Wiener, page xi, MIT Press, 1961, ISBN 026273009X
3. ^ Breaking the Black Box, by Martin J. Pring, McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0071384057
4. ^ "Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach", pp 85-88, in Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind, by Jay Friedenberg, Gordon Silverman, Sage Publications, 2006
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry in computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronic devices.
..... Click the link for more information.In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a finite list of well-defined instructions for accomplishing some task that, given an initial state, will proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an
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If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government
..... Click the link for more information.Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things.
..... Click the link for more information.Open source software is computer software which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open source definition. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified
..... Click the link for more information.In software engineering, white box, in contrast to a black box, is a subsystem whose internals are visible to view, but usually cannot be altered. This is useful during white box testing, where a system is examined to make sure that it fulfills its requirements.
..... Click the link for more information.Interactive computation involves communication with the external world during the computation. This is in contrast to the traditional understanding of computation which assumes a simple interface between a computing agent and its environment, consisting in asking a question (input)
..... Click the link for more information.Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures, and vacuum tubes. All applications of electronics involve the transmission of power and possibly information.
..... Click the link for more information.A line replaceable unit (LRU) is a black box of electronics, such as a radio or other auxiliary equipment for a complex engineered system like an airplane or ship. The name derives from the fact that the unit is replaced at the flightline or airport ramp area.
..... Click the link for more information.LRU can refer to:- Line-replaceable unit (in aviation)
- Least Recently Used (in computing), see Cache algorithms
- Las Cruces International Airport in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
..... Click the link for more information.Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. The source code is written in a programming language.
..... Click the link for more information.Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software.[1] The term software engineering
..... Click the link for more information.Black box testing takes an external perspective of the test object to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional. The test designer selects valid and invalid input and determines the correct output.
..... Click the link for more information.computing is synonymous with counting and calculating. Originally, people that performed these functions were known as computers. Today it refers to a science and technology that deals with the computation and the manipulation of symbols.
..... Click the link for more information.Closed source is a term for software whose license does not meet the definition of open-source software. Generally, it means only the binaries of a computer program are distributed and the license provides no access to the program's source code, rendering modifications to the
..... Click the link for more information.Cybernetics was defined by Norbert Wiener, in his book of that title, as the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Stafford Beer called it the science of effective organization and Gordon Pask extended it to include information flows "in all
..... Click the link for more information.Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894, Columbia, Missouri – March 18, 1964, Stockholm Sweden) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. He was a pioneer in the study of stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering,
..... Click the link for more information.System identification is a general term to describe mathematical tools and algorithms that build dynamical models from measured data. A dynamical mathematical model in this context is a mathematical description of the dynamic behavior of a system or process.
..... Click the link for more information.Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuitry of biological neurons. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes.
..... Click the link for more information.heuristic has two well-defined technical meanings. It can either be any algorithm that gives up finding the optimal solution for an improvement in run time or it can be a function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from one node to another.
..... Click the link for more information.Physics is the science of matter[1] and its motion[2][3], as well as space and time[4][5] —the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.
..... Click the link for more information.black body is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls onto it. No radiation passes through it and none is reflected. It is this lack of both transmission and reflection to which the name refers.
..... Click the link for more information.mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. Mathematical models are used particularly in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines (such as physics, biology, and electrical engineering) but also in the social
..... Click the link for more information.Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).
..... Click the link for more information.Psychology (from Greek: Literally "talk about the soul" (from logos)) is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
..... Click the link for more information.Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.
..... Click the link for more information.The term black box theory is used in philosophy and in science.
The term is important in philosophical contexts, because various philosophers have proposed black box theories for various fields.
..... Click the link for more information.Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós "hidden," and the verb γράφω gráfo "write" or λεγειν legein
..... Click the link for more information.A security protocol (cryptographic protocol or encryption protocol) is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods.
A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used.
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