Information about Baramin
creation biology, created kinds are believed to be the original forms of life as they were created by God. They are also referred to as kinds, original kinds, Genesis kinds, and baramin (the last term is from the Hebrew words bara [created] and min [kind], but the combination does not work syntactically in actual Hebrew). The idea is promulgated by Young Earth Creationists to support their view of Creation according to Genesis and also that the ancestors of all land-based life on Earth were housed on Noah's ark before the great flood.
In contrast to the scientific theory of common descent, these creationists argue that not all life on Earth is related, but that life was created by God in a finite number of discrete forms. Those making more sophisticated arguments often acknowledge that these discrete forms subsequently underwent speciation and microevolution of the original created kinds. However, creationists assert that the created kinds constitute definite boundaries beyond which evolutionary processes cannot occur.
Scientists however, reject the idealization of "created kinds" and creation science in general as a pseudoscience. This is mainly because the scientific evidence for common ancestry and the relationships of lifeforms in the biosphere corresponds more closely to evolutionary biology and the modern synthesis.
The study of created kinds is known as Baraminology.
In 1941, creationist writer Frank Lewis Marsh proposed that the Biblical created kind could be defined in terms of reproduction. He argued that as long as two modern creatures can hybridize with true fertilization, the two creatures are descended from the same kind. This idea has been adopted to support the practice of baraminology, the attempt to classify created kinds. Creation scientists posit that kinds are a form of clade, in that a posited kind displays evidence for common lines of ancestry among its member organisms.
Microbiologist and creationist Siegfried Scherer refined the criterion to state that if two creatures can hybridize with the same third creature, they are all members of the same "basic type". Thus all members of a ring species would be members of the same basic type. Scherer also updated Marsh's explanation of true fertilization:
There is some uncertainty about what exactly the Bible means when it talks of "kinds." The original Hebrew word used is min, which is used to describe a variety of organisms. Russell Mixter, another creationist writer, comments that
"Creation science" proponents posit that the defining element of kinds is creationist-approved evidence for common lines of ancestry among the organisms in the posited kind. The few creationists who work to make the classifications have not so far come up with a consistent set of rules for establishing when this criterion is met. As such, kinds do not coincide with any particular level of taxon. In some cases, such as humanity, kinds coincide with species or genus. In other cases, such as Felidae, they may be equivalent to the family level of taxonic classification.
The definition of created kinds is therefore similar in form and function to the phylogenetic tree of evolutionary biology, but bears two important differences.
Many creationists believe that the formation of the races was a result of so-called "degradation of the genome". The population onboard the ark is believed to have repopulated the earth including all races through the sons of Noah. When the population spread over the Earth after the flood, gene pools became isolated resulting in the races. This view is not supported by the genetic evidence surrounding race, which is that there is more genetic variation within the races than between the races.
The differentiation of species from original hybrids is the heart of the concept of created kinds. Hybridization as a genetic concept is technically rejected since creationists believe a hybrid is less, rather than more, degraded, with regard to its parents.
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An allegorical interpretation of Genesis is a symbolic, rather than literal, reading of the biblical book of Genesis. An allegorical interpretation does not necessarily preclude a literal interpretation; interpreters such as
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Creation science is the attempt to find scientific evidence that would corroborate a literal interpretation of the Biblical account of creation. Some variants of creation science draw upon other religious texts.
..... Click the link for more information.
Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of creationism that assumes the literal truth of a global flood as described in the Genesis account of
..... Click the link for more information.
The legal status of creation and evolution in public education
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Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote intelligent design, a variant of traditional creationism, while discrediting evolution in United States public high school
..... Click the link for more information.
Creation biology approaches biology from a creationist perspective which assumes that God created all life on the planet as described in the Genesis account of Creation, in a finite number of discrete created kinds or baramins.
..... Click the link for more information.
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In contrast to the scientific theory of common descent, these creationists argue that not all life on Earth is related, but that life was created by God in a finite number of discrete forms. Those making more sophisticated arguments often acknowledge that these discrete forms subsequently underwent speciation and microevolution of the original created kinds. However, creationists assert that the created kinds constitute definite boundaries beyond which evolutionary processes cannot occur.
Scientists however, reject the idealization of "created kinds" and creation science in general as a pseudoscience. This is mainly because the scientific evidence for common ancestry and the relationships of lifeforms in the biosphere corresponds more closely to evolutionary biology and the modern synthesis.
The study of created kinds is known as Baraminology.
Definitions
The concept of the "kind" originates from a literal reading of Genesis 1:12-24:- And God said, let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind … And God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind … And God said, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind, and it was so.
In 1941, creationist writer Frank Lewis Marsh proposed that the Biblical created kind could be defined in terms of reproduction. He argued that as long as two modern creatures can hybridize with true fertilization, the two creatures are descended from the same kind. This idea has been adopted to support the practice of baraminology, the attempt to classify created kinds. Creation scientists posit that kinds are a form of clade, in that a posited kind displays evidence for common lines of ancestry among its member organisms.
Microbiologist and creationist Siegfried Scherer refined the criterion to state that if two creatures can hybridize with the same third creature, they are all members of the same "basic type". Thus all members of a ring species would be members of the same basic type. Scherer also updated Marsh's explanation of true fertilization:
- Two individuals belong to the same basic type if embryogenesis of a hybrid continues beyond the maternal phase, including subsequent co-ordinated expression of both maternal and paternal morphogenetic genes.
There is some uncertainty about what exactly the Bible means when it talks of "kinds." The original Hebrew word used is min, which is used to describe a variety of organisms. Russell Mixter, another creationist writer, comments that
- One should not insist that "kind" means species. The word "kind" as used in the Bible may apply to any animal which may be distinguished in any way from another, or it may be applied to a large group of species distinguishable from another group ... there is plenty of room for differences of opinion on what are the kinds of Genesis. [1]
"Creation science" proponents posit that the defining element of kinds is creationist-approved evidence for common lines of ancestry among the organisms in the posited kind. The few creationists who work to make the classifications have not so far come up with a consistent set of rules for establishing when this criterion is met. As such, kinds do not coincide with any particular level of taxon. In some cases, such as humanity, kinds coincide with species or genus. In other cases, such as Felidae, they may be equivalent to the family level of taxonic classification.
Kinds in the Tree of Life
The creationist "kind" is assumed to be based upon an idea that life in the past exhibited greater genetic diversity and heterozygosity than life today, in the form of "kinds" analogous to the liger. Thus, the kinds were created with the innate ability to vary a great deal, and subsequent evolutionary processes are merely the means by which that innate ability to vary is expressed.)
A rough phylogenetic tree of all extant organisms, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, showing the evolutionary history of the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Originally proposed by Carl Woese.
The definition of created kinds is therefore similar in form and function to the phylogenetic tree of evolutionary biology, but bears two important differences.
- First, while the phylogenetic tree traces life back to a single cell or population of single-celled organisms, creation biology traces life back to a large number of unrelated populations of life-forms which roughly resembled the forms of life today, effectively stating that there are no biological connections beyond the very tips of the phylogenetic tree.
- Second, while the pylogenetic tree credits evolutionary change to a diversification and specification of lifeforms through processes such as natural selection, creationists credit microevolutionary change to the rearrangement and expression of genetic variation that was "built in" to the original kinds.
Many creationists believe that the formation of the races was a result of so-called "degradation of the genome". The population onboard the ark is believed to have repopulated the earth including all races through the sons of Noah. When the population spread over the Earth after the flood, gene pools became isolated resulting in the races. This view is not supported by the genetic evidence surrounding race, which is that there is more genetic variation within the races than between the races.
The differentiation of species from original hybrids is the heart of the concept of created kinds. Hybridization as a genetic concept is technically rejected since creationists believe a hybrid is less, rather than more, degraded, with regard to its parents.
See also
- Pseudoscience
- Baraminology
- Creation science
- Flood geology
- Pre-Adamites
- Ex nihilo
- Antediluvian
- Garden of Eden
External links
- Definition of kinds as it relates to this topic
- "Ligers and wholphins? What next?" by Answers in Genesis, a creationist organization.
- "Variation and natural selection versus evolution" excerpt from Refuting Evolution by Jonathan Sarfati
- "'Species' and 'kind'" excerpt from Creation: Facts of Life by Dr. Gary Parker
Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their original form by a deity or deities (often the Abrahamic God of Judaism, Christianity and Islam), whose existence is presupposed.
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The history of creationism is tied to the history of religions. The term creationism in its broad sense covers a wide range of beliefs and interpretations, and was not in common use before the late 19th century.
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Neo-creationism is a movement whose goal is to restate creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public, policy makers, educators, and the scientific community.
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Day-Age Creationism, a type of Old Earth creationism, is an effort to reconcile the literal Genesis account of Creation with modern scientific theories on the age of the Universe, the Earth, life, and humans.
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Gap creationism, also called Restitution creationism or Ruin-Reconstruction, are terms used to describe a particular set of Christian beliefs about the creation of the Universe and the origin of man.
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Old Earth creationism is a variant of the creationist view of the origin of the universe and life on Earth. As a theory of origins it is typically more compatible with mainstream scientific thought on the issues of geology, cosmology
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Progressive creationism is a form of Old Earth creationism that accepts mainstream geological and cosmological estimates for the age of the Earth, but posits that the new "kinds" of plants and animals that have appeared successively
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Theistic evolution, less commonly known as evolutionary creationism, is the general opinion that some or all classical religious teachings about God and creation are compatible with some or all of the modern scientific
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Young Earth creationism is a form of creationism that teaches that the Earth and life on Earth were created by a direct act of God dating between 6,000 and 10,000 years ago.
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God
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Agnosticism Atheism
Deism Dystheism
Henotheism Ignosticism
Monism Monotheism
Natural theology Nontheism
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Creation according to Genesis refers to the creation of the heavens and the earth by the God of Israel as depicted in Genesis, the first book of the Pentateuch (as well as of the Hebrew and Christian Bible).
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An allegorical interpretation of Genesis is a symbolic, rather than literal, reading of the biblical book of Genesis. An allegorical interpretation does not necessarily preclude a literal interpretation; interpreters such as
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framework interpretation (also known as the literary framework view, framework theory, or framework hypothesis) is an interpretation of the first chapter of the Book of Genesis which holds that the seven-day creation account found therein is not a literal or
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The omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book, Creation (Omphalos) by Philip Henry Gosse, in which Gosse argued that in order for the world to be "functional", God must have created the Earth with mountains
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Creation science is the attempt to find scientific evidence that would corroborate a literal interpretation of the Biblical account of creation. Some variants of creation science draw upon other religious texts.
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Baraminology, also referred to as typology, is a creationist system that classifies animals into created kinds according to the account of creation in the book of Genesis and other parts of the Bible.
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Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of creationism that assumes the literal truth of a global flood as described in the Genesis account of
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Intelligent design is the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.
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The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate) is a recurring political dispute about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe,[1]
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The politics of creationism concerns efforts to change public policy in favor of creationism, currently primarily focusing on what should be taught as science in schools.
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Please [ improve this article] or discuss the issue on the talk page.
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The legal status of creation and evolution in public education
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The creation-evolution controversy has a long history, beginning with challenges made by various naturalists to biblical accounts of creation.
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Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote intelligent design, a variant of traditional creationism, while discrediting evolution in United States public high school
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Intelligent design
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Irreducible complexity
Specified complexity
Fine-tuned universe
Intelligent designer
Theistic realism
Intelligent design
movement
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Discovery Institute
Center for Science and Culture
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Creation biology approaches biology from a creationist perspective which assumes that God created all life on the planet as described in the Genesis account of Creation, in a finite number of discrete created kinds or baramins.
..... Click the link for more information.
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