Information about Arrow Poisons
Notable examples are the poisons secreted from the skin of the poison arrow frog and curare (or 'ampi'), a general term for a range of plant-derived arrow poisons used by the indigenous peoples of South America.[1]
Poisoned arrows have featured in mythology, notably the Greek story of the slaying of Achilles by Paris, and Balder's death in the Norse myths.
Varieties
Arrow poisons around the world are created from many sources:Plant based poisons
)
Strychnos Toxifera, a plant commonly used in the preparation of curare
- Curare is a generic term for arrow poisons that contain D-tubocurarine. Most frequently it is derived from the bark of Strychnos toxifera or S. guianensis (Family Loganiaceae) and of the Menispermaceae, especially Chondrodendron tomentosum or Sciadotenia toxifera. It is a muscle relaxant which causes death by paralyzing the respiratory system, resulting in asphyxiation.<ref name="curare" />
- Inee, also known as onaye, is a type of arrow poison used in sub-Saharan West Africa, particularly in the areas of Togo and Cameroon. It is made from the plant Strophanthus hispidus, and as such relies on cardiac glycosides (strophanthin) found in the genus Strophanthus for its effect.[2]
- In Africa arrow poisons are made from plants that have cardiac glycosides from such plants as Acokanthera (containing ouabain, a cardiac glycoside), oleander (Nerium), and milkweeds (Family Apocynaceae).<ref name="curare" />
- Poisoned arrows are used widely in the jungle areas of Assam, Burma and Malaysia. The main plant sources for the poisons are members of the Antiaris, Strychnos and Strophanthus genera. Antiaris toxicaria for example, a tree of the mulberry and breadfruit family, is commonly used on Java and its neighbouring islands. The sap or juice of the seeds are smeared on the arrow head on its own or mixed with other plant extracts.[3] The fast-acting active ingredient (either antiarin, strychnine or strophanthin) attacks the central nervous system causing paralysis, convulsions and cardiac arrest.<ref name="VandA" />
- Several species of Aconitum or "aconite" have been used as arrow poisons. The Minaro in Ladakh use A. napellus on their arrows to hunt ibex; they were in use recently near lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan.[4], while the Ainus in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear.[5], and by the Butias and Lepchas in Sikkim and Assam.[6][7] The Chinese also used Aconitum poisons both for hunting,[8] and for warfare.[9]
Animal based poisons
)
The black-legged dart frog, a variety of poison arrow frog whose secretions are used in the prepartion of poison darts
- In South America, tribes such as the Noanamá Chocó and Emberá Chocó indians of western Colombia dip the tips of their blowgun darts in the poison found on the skin of three species of Phyllobates, a genus of the poison arrow frog. In north Chocó, Phyllobates aurotaenia is used, while in the departments of Risaralda and Choco to the south, P. bicolor is used. In Cauca, only P. terribilis is used for dart making. The poison is generally collected by roasting the frogs over a fire, but the toxins in P. terribilis are powerful enough that it is sufficient to dip the dart in the back of the frog without killing it.
- In the northern Kalahari, the most commonly used arrow poison is derived from the larva and pupae of beetles of the genus Diamphidia. It is applied to the arrow either by squeezing the contents of the larva directly onto the arrow head, mixing it with plant sap to act as an adhesive, or by mixing a powder made from the dried larva with plant juices and applying that to the arrow tip. The toxin is slow attacking and the injured animal can travel 40-70 miles (64-112 km) before succumbing to the effects.[10]
Preparation
The following 17th century account describes how arrow poisons were prepared in China:- "In making poison arrows for shooting wild beasts, the tubers of wild aconitum are boiled in water. The resulting liquid, being highly viscous and poisonous, is smeared on the sharp edges of arrowheads. These treated arrowheads are effective in the quick killing of both human beings and animals, even though the victim may shed only a trace of blood."[11]
See also
Notes
1. ^ Curare. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
2. ^ Definition of inee. Webster's International Dictionary (1913). Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
3. ^ Poisoned arrows. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.
4. ^ St. George, George. Soviet Deserts and Mountains. 1974. Amsterdam, Time-Life International
5. ^ Peissel, Michel. 1984. The Ants’ Gold. The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas. London, Harvill Press, pp. 99-100.
6. ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Himalayan Journals or Notes of a Naturalist. 1854. John Murray, London. Copy downloaded on 17 Sept., 2006 from: [1] page 168.
7. ^ Hutton, J. H. “The occurrence of the Blow-Gun in Assam.” J. H. Hutton. Man, Vol. 24 (Jul., 1924), p. 106.
8. ^ Sung, Ying-hsing. T’ien kung k’ai wu. Sung Ying-hsing. 1637. Published as Chinese Technology in the seventeenth century. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. 1996. Mineola. New York. Dover Publications, p. 267.
9. ^ Chavannes, Édouard. “Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32-102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou.”. 1906. T’oung pao 7, pp. 226-227.
10. ^ How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
11. ^ Sung, Ying-hsing. T’ien kung k’ai wu. Sung Ying-hsing. 1637. Published as Chinese Technology in the seventeenth century. The Dart Frogs are one of the most poisionest frogs in the world. A needle drop of poision off these frogs can kill you in a heart beat. These frogs were used to hunt wild animales such as; bears, deer, wolves, ect, by the indians. They would take their arrow head that they carved and rub the frog on the pit and then go hunting with it. The frogs come in varis different colors and are bright to, just to let the preditor know that this animal is dangerest and you will die. The neat thing about the frogs is that it is so little (1" height - 1 1/2" withd) it can kill up to half the country if loose though. Its always good to have a dart frog in case of a rubbory or a junky breaks into your house you can throw the frog on the person and he will die. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. 1996. Mineola. New York. Dover Publications, p. 267.
2. ^ Definition of inee. Webster's International Dictionary (1913). Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
3. ^ Poisoned arrows. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.
4. ^ St. George, George. Soviet Deserts and Mountains. 1974. Amsterdam, Time-Life International
5. ^ Peissel, Michel. 1984. The Ants’ Gold. The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas. London, Harvill Press, pp. 99-100.
6. ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Himalayan Journals or Notes of a Naturalist. 1854. John Murray, London. Copy downloaded on 17 Sept., 2006 from: [1] page 168.
7. ^ Hutton, J. H. “The occurrence of the Blow-Gun in Assam.” J. H. Hutton. Man, Vol. 24 (Jul., 1924), p. 106.
8. ^ Sung, Ying-hsing. T’ien kung k’ai wu. Sung Ying-hsing. 1637. Published as Chinese Technology in the seventeenth century. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. 1996. Mineola. New York. Dover Publications, p. 267.
9. ^ Chavannes, Édouard. “Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32-102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou.”. 1906. T’oung pao 7, pp. 226-227.
10. ^ How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
11. ^ Sung, Ying-hsing. T’ien kung k’ai wu. Sung Ying-hsing. 1637. Published as Chinese Technology in the seventeenth century. The Dart Frogs are one of the most poisionest frogs in the world. A needle drop of poision off these frogs can kill you in a heart beat. These frogs were used to hunt wild animales such as; bears, deer, wolves, ect, by the indians. They would take their arrow head that they carved and rub the frog on the pit and then go hunting with it. The frogs come in varis different colors and are bright to, just to let the preditor know that this animal is dangerest and you will die. The neat thing about the frogs is that it is so little (1" height - 1 1/2" withd) it can kill up to half the country if loose though. Its always good to have a dart frog in case of a rubbory or a junky breaks into your house you can throw the frog on the person and he will die. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. 1996. Mineola. New York. Dover Publications, p. 267.
South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30,221,532 km² (11,668,545 sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.
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Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population.
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Dendrobatidae
Cope, 1865
Genera
Proposed Subfamily Colostethinae
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Cope, 1865
Distribution of Dendrobatidae (in black)
Genera
Proposed Subfamily Colostethinae
- proposed genus Ameerega
- Colostethus
- Epipedobates
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Curare is a common name for various dart poisons (arrow poisons) originating from South America. The three main types, or families of curare are:
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- the tubocurare (also known as tube or bamboo curare, because of its packing into hollow bamboo tubes; main toxin is
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The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection.
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South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
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Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus; Ancient Greek: Άχιλλεύς) was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad
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Ville de Paris
City flag City coat of arms
Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro.
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City flag City coat of arms
Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro.
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Baldr (modern Icelandic and Faroese Baldur, Balder is the name in modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish and sometimes an anglicized form) is, in Norse Mythology, the god of innocence, beauty, joy, purity, and peace, and is Odin's second son.
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Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples, including those who settled on Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled.
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Curare is a common name for various dart poisons (arrow poisons) originating from South America. The three main types, or families of curare are:
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- the tubocurare (also known as tube or bamboo curare, because of its packing into hollow bamboo tubes; main toxin is
..... Click the link for more information.
Tubocurarine chloride is a mixed antagonist of nicotinic neuromuscular acetylcholine receptors, used to paralyse patients undergoing anaesthesia. It is one of the chemicals that can be obtained from curare, itself an extract of Chondodendron tomentosum
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Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara desert. Geographically, the demarcation line is the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.
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West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Western Africa (which coincides with common reckonings of the region) includes the following 16 countries distributed over an area of around 5 million
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TOGO was a Japanese roller coaster design company, famous for inventing the stand-up roller coaster. TOGO went bankrupt in the early 2000s due to a lawsuit by Knott's Berry Farm for problems with their Windjammer roller coaster.
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Motto
"Paix - Travail - Patrie" (French)
"Peace - Work - Fatherland"
Anthem
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"Paix - Travail - Patrie" (French)
"Peace - Work - Fatherland"
Anthem
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Strophanthus
DC., 1802
Species
See text.
Strophanthus is a genus of 35-40 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native mainly to tropical Africa, extending to South Africa, with a few species in Asia, from
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DC., 1802
Species
See text.
Strophanthus is a genus of 35-40 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native mainly to tropical Africa, extending to South Africa, with a few species in Asia, from
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Cardiac glycosides are drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. These glycosides are found as secondary metabolites in several plants, but also in some animals.
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Ouabain is the familiar name of g-strophanthin, a poisonous cardiac glycoside.
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Sources
Ouabain (g-strophanthin) is found in the ripe seeds of African plants Strophanthus gratus and Acokanthera ouabaio...... Click the link for more information.
Nerium L.
Species: N. oleander
Binomial name
Nerium oleander
L.
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Species: N. oleander
Binomial name
Nerium oleander
L.
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Asclepias
L.
Species
See text.
Asclepias L. (1753), the milkweeds, is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species.
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L.
Species
See text.
Asclepias L. (1753), the milkweeds, is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species.
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Coordinates: Assam pronunciation (Assamese:
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Anthem
Kaba Ma Kyei
Capital Naypyidaw
Largest city Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
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Kaba Ma Kyei
Capital Naypyidaw
Largest city Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
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Motto
"Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu"
"Unity Is Strength" 1
Anthem
Negaraku
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"Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu"
"Unity Is Strength" 1
Anthem
Negaraku
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Strychnos
L.
Species
about 190
Strychnos is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to family Loganiaceae (sometimes Strychnaceae). The genus includes about 190 species of trees and lianas, distributed around the world's tropics.
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L.
Species
about 190
Strychnos is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to family Loganiaceae (sometimes Strychnaceae). The genus includes about 190 species of trees and lianas, distributed around the world's tropics.
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A. toxicaria
Binomial name
Antiaris toxicaria
Lesch.
Antiaris toxicaria (Upas or Ipoh
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Binomial name
Antiaris toxicaria
Lesch.
Antiaris toxicaria (Upas or Ipoh
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Morus
L.
Species
See text.
Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to
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L.
Species
See text.
Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to
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Artocarpus altilis
(Parkinson) Fosberg
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tree and fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands. It has also been widely planted in tropical regions elsewhere.
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(Parkinson) Fosberg
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tree and fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands. It has also been widely planted in tropical regions elsewhere.
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