Information about Arrow (weapon)
This article is about the weapon. For other uses, see Arrow (disambiguation).
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Traditional target arrow and replica medieval arrow.
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Modern arrow with plastic fletchings and nock.
Structure
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A normal arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other.
Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures, ranging from eighteen inches to five feet (45 cm to 150 cm).[1] However, most modern arrows are two-and-a-half to three feet long (75 cm to 90 cm), similar to the length of English war arrows (which were made to be half the height of the man who shot them).<ref name="stone-glossary-arrow" /> Very short arrows have been used, shot through a guide attached either to the bow (an "overdraw") or to the archer's wrist (the Turkish "siper"). [2] These may fly further than heavier arrows, and an enemy without suitable equipment may find himself unable to return them.
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A Shoshone man using a shaft straightener in traditional arrow construction.
Shaft
The shaft is the primary structural element of the arrow, to which the other components are attached. Traditional arrow shafts are made from lightweight wood, bamboo or reeds, while modern shafts may be made from aluminium or carbon fiber reinforced plastic.The stiffness of the shaft is known as its spine, referring to how little the shaft bends when compressed. Hence, an arrow which bends less is said to have more spine. In order to strike consistently, a group of arrows must be similarly-spined. Higher draw-weight bows will generally require stiffer arrows, with more spine, or less flexibility, to prevent excessive arrow deformation. As according to the archer's paradox, non-centershot bows, where the arrow is not shot through the central vertical axis of the bow riser, will tend to be most accurate when a narrower range of arrow spine that allows the arrow to deflect correctly around the bow.
Footed arrows
Sometimes a shaft will be made of two different types of wood fastened together, resulting in what is known as a footed arrow. Known by some as the finest of wood arrows[3], footed arrows were used both by early Europeans and Native Americans. Footed arrows will typically consist of a short length of hardwood near the head of the arrow, with the remainder of the shaft consisting of softwood. By reinforcing the area most likely to break, the arrow is more likely to survive impact, while maintaining overall flexibility and lighter weight.Arrowhead
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Obsidian broadhead.
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Various Japanese arrowheads
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Native American arrowheads.
The arrowhead or projectile point is the primary functional part of the arrow, and plays the largest role in determining its purpose. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but it is far more common for separate arrowheads to be made, usually from metal, horn, or some other hard material. Arrowheads are usually separated by function:
- Bodkin points are short, rigid points with a small cross-section. They achieved prominence in the Late Middle Ages through their greater effectiveness against armour. They would normally be used only for war.
- Blunts are unsharpened arrowheads occasionally used for types of target shooting, for shooting at stumps or other targets of opportunity, or hunting small game when the goal is to stun the target without penetration. Blunts are commonly made of metal or hard rubber. Occasionally, the arrow shaft may penetrate the head and the target; safety is still important with blunt arrows.
- Judo points have spring wires extending sideways from the tip. These catch on grass and debris to prevent the arrow from being lost in the vegetation. Used for practice and for small game.
- Broadheads are used for hunting. They are expensive and usually not used for practice. They usually have two to four sharp blades that cause massive bleeding in the victim. There are two main types of broadheads used by hunters. One is the fixed-blade, while the other is the mechanical. While the fixed-blade broadhead keeps its blades rigid and unmovable on the broadhead at all times, the mechanical broadhead deploys its blades upon contact with the target, its blades swinging out to wound the target. The mechanical head flies better because it is more streamlined, but has less penetration as it uses some of the kinetic energy in the arrow to deploy its blades.
- Field tips are similar to target points and have a distinct shoulder, so that missed outdoor shots do not become as stuck in obstacles such as tree stumps. They are also used for shooting practice by hunters, by offering similar flight characteristics and weights as broadheads, without getting lodged in target materials and causing excessive damage upon removal.
- Target points are bullet-shaped with a sharp point, designed to penetrate target butts easily without causing excessive damage to them.
- Safety arrows are designed to be used in various forms of reenactment combat, to reduce the risk when fired at people. These arrows may have heads that are very wide or padded. In combination with bows of restricted draw weight and draw length, these heads may reduce to acceptable levels the risks of shooting arrows at suitably armoured people. The parameters will vary depending on the specific rules being used. For instance, the SCA combat rules require a padded head at least 1 1/4" in diameter, with bows not exceeding 28 inches and 50 lbs of draw for use against well-armoured individuals. [4]
Fletchings
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Straight fletchings on an arrow.
Fletchings are traditionally made from feathers (often from a goose or turkey) bound to the arrow's shaft, but are now often made of plastic (known as "vanes"). Historically, some arrows used for the proofing of armour used copper vanes. [7] Flight archers may use razor blades for fletching, in order to reduce air resistance.
Artisans who make arrows by hand are known as "fletchers," a word related to the French word for arrow, flèche. This is the same derivation as the verb "fletch", meaning to provide an arrow with its feathers. Glue and/or thread are the main traditional methods of attaching fletchings. In England, bluebell sap was the adhesive of choice. A "fletching jig" is often used in modern times, to hold the fletchings in exactly the right orientation on the shaft while the glue hardens.
Fletchings may be straight, or arranged with a slight offset around the shaft of the arrow to provide a slight rotation which improves accuracy. Most arrows will have three fletches, but some have four or even more. Fletchings generally range from two to six inches in length; flight arrows intended to travel the maximum possible distance typically have very low fletching, hunting arrows with broadheads require long and high fletching to stabilize them against the aerodynamic effect of the head.
With conventional three-feather fletching, one feather, called the "cock" feather, is at a right angle to the nock, and is conventionally placed so that it will not contact the bow when the arrow is shot. Four-feather fletching has the advantage that there is no cock feather, so making nocking the arrow slightly easier; this may help very young children in particular to enjoy archery.
A flu-flu is a form of fletching, normally made by using long sections of full length feathers, in most cases six or more sections are used rather than the traditional three. Alternatively two long feathers can be spiraled around the end of the arrow shaft. The extra fletching generates more drag and slows the arrow down rapidly after a short distance, about 30m or so.
Flu-Flu arrows are often used for hunting birds, or for children's archery, and can be used to play Flu-Flu Golf.
Nocks
The nock serves to keep the arrow in place on the string as the bow is being drawn. Nocks may be simple slots cut in the back of the arrow, or separate pieces made from wood, plastic, or horn that are then attached to the end of the arrow. [8] Modern nocks, and traditional Turkish nocks, are often so constructed as to curve around the string or even pinch it slightly, so that the arrow is unlikely to slip off. [9]See also
External links
- What's the Point?: Identifying Flint Artifacts (OPLIN)
- Types of Arrowheads made by Arrowsmith
- Dr. Ashby's reports on broadhead penetration
- Types of Bows and Arrows
References
1. ^ Stone, George Cameron (1934). A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times, Mineola: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-40726-8
2. ^ Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow. Paul E. Klopsteg ISBN-10: 1564160939 ISBN-13: 978-1564160935
3. ^ Langston, Gene (1994). "Custom Shafts", The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume Three. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-087-X.
4. ^ SCA missile combat rules
5. ^ Parker, Glenn (1992). "Steel Points", The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume Two. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-086-1.
6. ^ Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. Robert Gardner. Deutsch 1969. ISBN-10: 0233961402, ISBN-13: 978-0233961408
7. ^ Ffoulkes, Charles [1912] (1988). The Armourer and his Craft, Dover reprint, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-25851-3.
8. ^ Massey, Jay(1992). "Self Arrows" in The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume One, Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-085-3
9. ^ Stone, G.C. "A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor"
2. ^ Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow. Paul E. Klopsteg ISBN-10: 1564160939 ISBN-13: 978-1564160935
3. ^ Langston, Gene (1994). "Custom Shafts", The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume Three. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-087-X.
4. ^ SCA missile combat rules
5. ^ Parker, Glenn (1992). "Steel Points", The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume Two. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-086-1.
6. ^ Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. Robert Gardner. Deutsch 1969. ISBN-10: 0233961402, ISBN-13: 978-0233961408
7. ^ Ffoulkes, Charles [1912] (1988). The Armourer and his Craft, Dover reprint, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-25851-3.
8. ^ Massey, Jay(1992). "Self Arrows" in The Traditional Bowyer's Bible - Volume One, Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-085-3
9. ^ Stone, G.C. "A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor"
An arrow is a projectile launched from a bow.
Arrow may also refer to:
Arrow (symbol), e.g. →, indicating direction or movement
In automotive:
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Arrow may also refer to:
Arrow (symbol), e.g. →, indicating direction or movement
In automotive:
- Arrow (automobile), a 1914 cyclecar from Detroit, Michigan
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A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force. In a general sense, even a football or baseball may be considered a projectile. It can cause damage (injury, property damage) to a person, animal or object it hits, depending on factors including size,
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This article is about the projectile weapon bow. For the eastern weapon similar to a quarterstaff, see Bō.
A bow is an ancient weapon that fires arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow.
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Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significant importance.
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The WOOD callsign may refer to:
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- WOOD-TV – an NBC-affiliated television station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- WOOD (AM) – an AM radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- WOOD-FM - an FM radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Bambuseae
Kunth ex Dumort.
Diversity
Around 91 genera and 1,000 species
Subtribes
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Kunth ex Dumort.
Diversity
Around 91 genera and 1,000 species
Subtribes
- Arthrostylidiinae
- Arundinariinae
- Bambusinae
- Chusqueinae
- Guaduinae
- Melocanninae
- Nastinae
- Racemobambodinae
- Shibataeinae
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Phragmites
Species: P. australis
Binomial name
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
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Species: P. australis
Binomial name
Phragmites australis
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
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Aluminium (IPA: /ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/, /ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/) or aluminum (IPA: /əˈluːmɪnəm/
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Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP), is a very strong, light and expensive composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. Similar to glass-reinforced plastic, which is sometimes simply called fiberglass, the composite material is commonly referred to by
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Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to deflection or deformation by an applied force. It is an extensive material property.
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Definition
The stiffness k of a body that deflects a distance δ under an applied force P is..... Click the link for more information.
archer's paradox refers to the flexing of an arrow shaft that occurs when it is shot from a non-centershot bow. Coined by Robert P. Elmer in the 1930s, the archer's paradox centers around the idea that, in order to be accurate, an arrow must have the correct stiffness, or "spine",
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indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples. They are often also referred to as Native Americans, First Nations
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hardwood designates wood from broad-leaved (mostly deciduous, but not necessarily, in the case of tropical trees) or angiosperm trees. Hardwood contrasts with softwood, which comes from conifer trees.
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Softwood is a generic term used in woodworking and the lumber industries for wood from conifers (needle-bearing trees from the order Pinales). Softwood-producing trees include pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, douglas-fir, hemlock, cypress, redwood and yew.
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arrowhead is point of an arrow, or a shape resembling such a point; as archaeological artifacts arrowheads are a subclass of projectile points. [1]
Arrowheads are found all over the world.
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Arrowheads are found all over the world.
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In archaeology, a projectile point is an object that was hafted and used either as knife or projectile tip or both, commonly called an arrowhead. Occasionally, projectile points made of worked bone or ivory are found at archaeological sites, but generally the term is reserved for
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A bodkin point is a type of arrowhead. In its simplest form it is an uncomplicated squared metal spike, and was used extensively during the Middle Ages. The name comes from the Old English word bodkin or bodekin, a type of sharp, pointed dagger.
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Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th to 16th centuries (AD 1300–1500). The Late Middle Ages were preceded by the High Middle Ages, and followed by the Early Modern era (Renaissance).
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Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhage (American English) or haemorrhage (British English) is the loss of blood from the circulatory system.[1] Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body or externally, either
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An archery butts is an archery practice field, with mounds of earth used for the targets. The name originally referred to the targets themselves, but over time came to mean the platforms that held the targets as well.
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The tang of a sword or fixed-blade knife is that part of the blade extending into and usually through the grip that is fastened to it.
A "full tang" means that the grip conforms to the shape and follows the outline of the tang, which is a solid piece of metal (typically
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A "full tang" means that the grip conforms to the shape and follows the outline of the tang, which is a solid piece of metal (typically
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Hafting is a process by which an artifact, often bone, metal, or stone, is attached to a handle or strap. This makes the artifact more useful by allowing it to be fired (as in the case of an arrowhead), thrown (as a spear), or leveraged more effectively (as an axe or adze).
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For the plant and punishment device, see .
A ferrule (a corruption of Latin viriola "small bracelet," under the influence of ferrum "iron.") is a name for types of metal objects.
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Fletching is the ancient art of aerodynamically stabilizing arrows from materials such as feathers or plastics. The English-language surname "Fletcher" derives from this term, meaning "one who fletches.
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- For the dynamics of flight, see Flight dynamics.
Rockwell Collins Flight Dynamics is a subdivision of the aerospace giant Rockwell Collins. They manufacture and develop heads-up displays for civilian applications.
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New Guinea<nowiki />
Political division of New Guinea
Geography
<nowiki/>
Location Island north of Australian continent
Coordinates
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Political division of New Guinea
Geography
<nowiki/>
Location Island north of Australian continent
Coordinates
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Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. They are the outstanding characteristic that distinguishes the Class Aves from all other living groups. Other Theropoda also had feathers (see Feathered dinosaurs).
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Goose (plural geese, male gander(s)) is the English name for a considerable number of birds, belonging to the family Anatidae. This family also includes swans, most of which are larger than geese, and ducks, which are smaller.
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Meleagridinae
Gray, 1840
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
M. gallopavo
M. ocellata
A turkey is either one of two species of large birds in the genus
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Gray, 1840
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
M. gallopavo
M. ocellata
A turkey is either one of two species of large birds in the genus
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Plastic is the general term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products. They are composed of organic condensation or addition polymers and may contain other substances to improve performance or economics.
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Herod_Archelaus
