Information about Amelogenin
Amelogenin is a low-molecular-weight protein found in developing tooth enamel, and it belongs to a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Developing enamel contains about 30% protein, and 90% of this is comprised of amelogenins. Although not completely understood, the function of amelogenins is believed to be in organizing enamel rods during tooth development. The latest research indicates that this protein regulates the initiation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals during the mineralization of enamel. In addition, amelogenins appear to aid in the development of cementum by directing cells that form cementum to the root surface of teeth.
Other significant proteins in enamel are ameloblastins, enamelins, and tuftelins.
The genes for amelogenin can be used in sex determination of samples from unknown human origin through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Using primers specific for intron 1 of the gene, the gene sequence for the intron can be amplified. The X chromosome gene, AMELX, gives rise to a 106 bp amplification product (amplicon) and the Y chromosome gene, AMELY, a 112 bp amplicon. Hence, the AMELX contains a 6 bp deletion in the intron 1. Therefore, when the amplicons are run on an agarose gel, samples from male sources (XY) will show two bands on an agarose gel (one for the 106 bp fragment and one for the 112 bp fragment), while females (XX) will show only one band. Thus, this process allows for sex determination of unknown samples.
Mutations in AMELX can cause amelogenesis imperfecta, a disorder of tooth enamel development.
Other significant proteins in enamel are ameloblastins, enamelins, and tuftelins.
The genes for amelogenin can be used in sex determination of samples from unknown human origin through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Using primers specific for intron 1 of the gene, the gene sequence for the intron can be amplified. The X chromosome gene, AMELX, gives rise to a 106 bp amplification product (amplicon) and the Y chromosome gene, AMELY, a 112 bp amplicon. Hence, the AMELX contains a 6 bp deletion in the intron 1. Therefore, when the amplicons are run on an agarose gel, samples from male sources (XY) will show two bands on an agarose gel (one for the 106 bp fragment and one for the 112 bp fragment), while females (XX) will show only one band. Thus, this process allows for sex determination of unknown samples.
Mutations in AMELX can cause amelogenesis imperfecta, a disorder of tooth enamel development.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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Teeth (singular, tooth) are structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, and chew food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or defense. The roots of teeth are covered by gums.
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Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body,[1] and with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major tissues which make up the tooth.
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extracellular matrix (ECM) is the extracellular part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the cells in addition to performing various other important functions. The extracellular matrix is the defining feature of connective tissue in animals.
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An Enamel rod is the basic unit of enamel. The antiquated term is enamel prism. Measuring 4 μm wide to 8 μm high, an enamel rod is a tightly packed, highly organized mass of hydroxyapatite crystals.
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Tooth development is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. Although many diverse species have teeth, non-human tooth development is largely the same as in humans.
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Hydroxylapatite, also often incorrectly called hydroxyapatite, is a mineral. It is a naturally occurring form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6
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Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex.
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Ameloblastin, also known as amelin, is a gene-specific protein found in tooth enamel. Although less than 5% of enamel consists of protein, ameloblastins comprise 5%-10% of all enamel protein.
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Enamelin is a protein found in developing tooth enamel. About 30 % of developing enamel consists of protein of which enamelins comprise
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Tuftelin is an acidic phosphorylated glycoprotein found in tooth enamel. This protein is formed for a short time during amelogenesis. The function of tuftelins is under contention, but it is proposed that it acts to start the mineralization process of enamel during tooth
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Primer can refer to:
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- Primer (molecular biology), a nucleic acid strand (or related molecule) that serves as a starting point for DNA replication
- Percussion cap, in ballistics, a small charge that explodes when struck with force or heated with electricity, typically to
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Introns, derived from the term "Intervening Sequences", are non-coding sections of DNA. Once this DNA section has been transcribed as a pre-mRNA sequence, the introns will be spliced out, then the mRNA will be translated into a protein.
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The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in many animal species, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome). It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system.
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AMELX is a form of amelogenin found on the X chromosome.
Mutations in AMELX can cause amelogenesis imperfecta, a disorder of tooth enamel development.
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Mutations in AMELX can cause amelogenesis imperfecta, a disorder of tooth enamel development.
See also
- AMELY
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The Y chromosome is the sex-determining chromosome in humans and most other mammals. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, thus determining sex.
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Overview
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AMELY is short for Amelogenin Y gene.
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See also
- Amelogenin
- Y chromosome
- AMELX
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Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules by size. This is achieved by moving negatively charged nucleic acid molecules through an agarose matrix with an electric field (electrophoresis).
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Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a disorder of tooth development. This condition causes teeth to be unusually small, discolored, pitted or grooved, and prone to rapid wear and breakage. Other dental abnormalities are also possible, and the defects vary among affected individuals.
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