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For other uses, see Process (disambiguation).


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Illustration of a physical process: a geyser in "action".
Process (lat. processus - movement) is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. More precisely, and from the most general systemic perspective, every process is representable as a particular trajectory (or part thereof) in a system's phase space.

Every measurement is a process. The process of measurement is the fundamental concept in physics, and, in practice, in every field of science and engineering.

For the above goal-oriented reason, from the industrial managerial point of view, the following inputs can be initially applied in an engineering process specification: people, machines and tools, materials, energy, information, professional knowledge, capital, time and space [8].

Examples

  • From an engineering perspective, industrial and environmental processes relate to the sequence of operations and involved events, taking up time, space, expertise or other resources, which lead/(should lead) to the production of some outcome. The changes they may create in the properties of one or more objects under their influence are especially important for their identification and design. Compare: project
  • From mathematical and physical perspectives processes are categorized, for example, as continuous, discrete, convergent, asymptotic, incremental, singular, recurrent and periodic.
  • From cybernetics see Gordon Pask process/product theory "Interactions of Actors" and New Cybernetics.
A singular process would be one which has a singular property or occurs rarely.

Few processes in nature can be considered singular. Most processes found in nature are recurrent, or repeat more than once. Recurring processes which repeat at a constant rate are considered periodic. The more periodic a process is the more useful it is as the basis of a clock. Various specific processes:

Notes and References

1. ^ Francis Rawle's (1914) revision of John Bouvier (1839), Law Dictionary p.2731: Process
2. ^ "Process" Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition
3. ^ Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr. and William L. Root (1958) An introduction to the theory of Random Signals and Noise LCC 57-10020. p.39: Random Processes
4. ^ Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands (1963) The Feynman Lectures on Physics ISBN 0-201-02010-6 p.1-5: Atomic processes
5. ^ F. Reif (1965) Statistical Physics volume 5 of the Berkeley Physics Course ISBN 0700486229 pp.49-50, 127-135
6. ^ S. Giedion (1948) Mechanization takes Command: a contribution to anonymous history Processed food: pp. 42, 78, 186, 224-5
7. ^ Ovid Eshbach and Mott Souders (eds.) (1936, 1952, 1975) Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals ISBN 0-471-24553-4 pp.875-880: processes and state changes for fluids
8. ^ Elihu M. Goldratt (1992) The Goal: a process of ongoing improvement ISBN 0-88427-061-0 as cited in Robert K. Wysocki et.al. Effective Project Management ISBN 0-471-43221-0
  • Nelson Wax (ed.) (1954) Selected papers on Noise and Stochastic Processes: J. L. Doob, L. S. Ornstein, Ming Chen Wang, S. Chandrasekhar, M. Kac, G. E. Uhlenbeck, S. O. Rice ISBN 0-486-60262-1, which drew upon a symposium on stochastic processes, with applications to physics, documented in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Volume II, No.2, 1949 pp. 150-282

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A process is a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system.

Process may also refer to:
  • Process (anatomy), a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

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Latin}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Change denotes the transition that occurs between one state to another.

Physical

Throughout history, change has been defined by varying points of view. In ancient Greek philosophy, while Herachical position may have an influence on the perception of change.
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Property law
Part of the common law series
Acquisition of property
Gift  · Adverse possession  · Deed
Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
Alienation  · Bailment  · License
Estates in land
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The word attribute can refer to:
  • An attribute in philosophy, property, an abstraction of a characteristic of an entity or substance
  • An attribute in art, an object that identifies a figure, most commonly referring to objects held by saints - see emblem

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Object may refer to:
  • Object (philosophy), a thing, being or concept
  • Physical entity, something that is tangible and within the grasp of the senses

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System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma) is a set of entities, real or abstract, where each entity interacts with, or is related to, at least one other
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Systemics is the emerging branch of science that studies holistic systems. It tries to develop logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and
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phase space, introduced by Willard Gibbs in 1901, is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state of the system corresponding to one unique point in the phase space.
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Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measuremnt. Measurement usually involves using a measuring instrument, such as a ruler or scale, which is calibrated to compare the object to some
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Physics is the science of matter[1] and its motion[2][3], as well as space and time[4][5] —the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.
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Operation may refer to:
  • Scientific Operation.
  • Surgery operation.
  • An operation or operator in mathematics. See unary operation, binary operation, arity.

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For other uses, see Phenomena (disambiguation).
A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενoν, pl. phenomena φαινόμενα) is any occurrence that is observable.
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time.

One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence, and time itself is something that can be measured.
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The term SPACE (capitalized) can refer to:
  • , a Canadian science-fiction channel
  • The Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment
  • DSPACE, a term in computational complexity theory

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expert (  (help) ) is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by their peers
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In economics, factors of production are resources used in the production of goods and services, including land, labor, and capital.

Land, labor, and capital

Resource in economics distinguish among such factors of production as:

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In law and political theory, property refers to an ownership interest in land or other resources.

A property of an object is some intrinsic or extrinsic quality of that object, where the nature of the "object" in question will depend on the field, as, for example, indicated
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Influence is a term that refers to the ability to indirectly control or affect the actions of other people or things. The meaning of influence therefore depends on who or what is being affected, and to what end.
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project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a product or service[1].

Origin

The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from projicere, "to throw something forwards" which in turn comes from pro-
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For other uses, see singular (disambiguation).
SINGULAR is a computer algebra system for polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and singularity theory.
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Recurrence and recurrent may refer to:
  • Recurrence relation, an equation which defines a sequence recursively
  • Poincaré recurrence theorem, Henri Poincaré's theorem on dynamical systems
  • Recurrence plot, a statistical plot that shows a pattern that re-occurs

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Periodicity is the quality of occurring at regular intervals or periods (in time or space) and can occur in different contexts:
  • A clock marks time at periodic intervals.
  • A metronome ticks at periodic intervals of time.

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Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask (* June 28, 1928 in Derby, England; † March 28, 1996 London) was an English cybernetician and psychologist who made significant contributions to cybernetics, instructional psychology, experimental epistemology and educational technology.
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See also New Cybernetics (Gordon Pask)
New Cybernetics is a study of self-organizing systems, looking beyond the issues of the "first", "old" or "original" cybernetics and their politics and sciences of control, to the autonomy and self-organization
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Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating circadian rhythm. The CLOCK protein seems to affect both the persistence and length of the circadian cycle. CLOCK forms part of a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor.
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The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from a molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855.
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Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000–10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and
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Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning "heat" and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning "power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on
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adiabatic process or an isocaloric process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat is transferred to or from the working fluid. The term "adiabatic" literally means impassable (from a dia bainein), corresponding here to an absence of heat transfer.
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