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Information about Walther Flemming

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Walther Flemming.
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Polytene chromosomes in a Chironimus salivary gland cell, one of over 100 drawings from Flemming's book Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung, 1882
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Illustrations of cells with chromosomes and mitosis, from the book Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung, 1882
Walther Flemming (born April 211843 in Sachsenberg, Germany; died August 41905 in Kiel) was a founder of the study of cytogenetics.

He was born as the fifth child and only son of the psychiatrist Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799-1880) and his second wife, Auguste Winter. He did his basic studies at the Gymnasium der Residenzstadt, where one of his colleagues and lifelong friends was writer Heinrich Seidel [1].

Flemming trained in medicine at the University of Rostock, graduating in 1868. Afterwards. he served in 1870-1871 as a military physician at the Franco-Prussian War. From 1873 to 1876 he worked as a teacher at the University of Prague. In 1876 he accepted a post as a professor of anatomy at the University of Kiel, where he stayed until 1901, shortly before his death, and where he became the director of the Anatomical Institute.

Making use of aniline dyes he was able to find a structure which strongly absorbed basophilic dyes, which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to Edouard Van Beneden (1846-1910) had independently observed them, too.

Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not yet realize the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis both in vivo and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published in 1882 in the seminal book Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung (1882; Cell Substance, Nucleus and Cell Division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase omnis nucleus e nucleo, after Virchow's omnis cellula e cellula).

Flemming was unaware of Gregor Mendel's (1822-1884) work on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times [2], and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology [3] (together with August Weismann's (1834-1914) discovery of meiosis, Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) and Matthias Schleiden's (1804-1881) cell theory and Thomas Hunt Morgan's (1866-1945) first genetic maps).

Flemming's name is honoured by a medal awarded by the German Society for Cell Biology (Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zellbiologie).

References

  • Paweletz, N. Walter Flemming, Pioneer of Mitosis Research. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, 72-75 (2001) PMID 11413469. (Full text article for subscribers of Nature)
  • Flemming, W. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. 16:302-436 (1878) and 18:151-289 (1880). Reprinted in: J. Cell Biol. 25:581-589 (1965).
  • Carlson, E.A. The Analysis of Mitosis Shifts Attention to the Chromosomes. In: Mendel's Legacy. The Origins of Classical Genetics. p. 24-5, CSHL Press, 2004. ISBN 0-87969-675-3.

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Cytogenetics is the study of the structure of chromosome material. It includes routine analysis of G-Banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization
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A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry and is certified in treating mental illness.[1] As part of their evaluation of the patient, psychiatrists are one of only a few mental health professionals who may prescribe psychiatric medication, conduct
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Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Seidel (b. 25 June 1842, Perlin, Mecklenburg-Schwerin; d. 7 November 1906, Berlin) was a German engineer, poet and writer.

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Seidel was the son of a pastor and studied in the Polytechnikum in Hannover from 1860 to 1862 and in the
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Medicine is the science and "" of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. The term is derived from the Latin ars medicina meaning the art of healing.
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Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War (19 July 1870-10 May 1871) was a conflict between France and Prussia, which was backed by the North German Confederation and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria.
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  • Charles University in Prague
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Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν
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University of Kiel (German Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, CAU) is a university in the city of Kiel, Germany. It was founded in 1665 as the Academia Holsatorum Chiloniensis
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Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. It is the simplest and one of the most imporant aromatic amines, being used as a precursor to more complex chemicals.
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dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
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Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye is haematoxylin.
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Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and within the nucleoid in prokaryotes.[1] The nucleic acids are in the form of double-stranded DNA (a double helix).
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Edouard Van Beneden (5 March, 1846, LeuvenР28 April, 1910, Li̬ge) was a Belgian embryologist, cytologist and marine biologist. He was professor of zoology at the University of Li̬ge; he has been at the basis of the genetic studies of the 20th century, thanks to his works on
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Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.
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In vivo (Latin: (with)in the living) means that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one.
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FIN may refer to
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Salamandroidea
Sirenoidea
Salamander (orig. from Persian: sām, Fire, and andarūn, Within) is the common name applied to approximately 500 species
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