Viviparity

Information about Viviparity

Poa alpina, a grass which shows vivipary: the seeds germinate while still attached to the mother plant.

A viviparous animal is an animal employing vivipary: the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to outside in an egg (ovipary). The mother then gives live birth. The less developed form of vivipary is called ovoviviparity, which, for instance, occurs in most vipers. The more developed form of vivipary is called placental viviparity; mammals are the best example, but it has also evolved independently in other animals, such as in scorpions, some sharks, and in velvet worms. Viviparous offspring live independently and require an external food supply from birth. Certain Lizards also employ this method such as the Genus Tiliqua and Corucia. The placenta is attached directly to the mother in these lizards which is called viviparous matrotrophy.

In plants

A viviparous plant produces seeds that germinate before becoming detached from the parent plant, as in mangrove trees. They may also produce bulbils or new plants rather than seed, as in the tiger lily.

• • [ e] Physiology, endocrinology, sex: Reproductive physiology and endocrinology
Menstrual cycle/Estrous cycle	Menstruation - Follicular phase - Ovulation - Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis -Oogenesis
Sexuality	Human sexual behavior - Sexual intercourse - Erection - Ejaculation - Orgasm - Insemination - Fertilisation/Fertility - Masturbation - Pregnancy - Postpartum period
Lifespan	Prenatal development - Sexual dimorphism - Sexual differentiation - Puberty (Menarche, Adrenarche) - Maternal age/Paternal age - Climacteric (Menopause, Andropause)
Eggs	Oviposition - Oviparity - Ovoviviparity - Viviparity

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In most birds and reptiles, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. To enable incubation the egg is usually kept within a favourable temperature range as it nourishes and protects the growing embryo.
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live birth occurs when a fetus, whatever its gestational age, exits the maternal body and subsequently shows any sign of life, such as voluntary movement, heartbeat, or pulsation of the umbilical cord, for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or
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Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch. This strategy of birth is known as ovoviviparity. It is similar to vivipary in that the embryo develops within the mother's body.
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Viperidae
Oppel, 1811

Synonyms

Viperae - Laurenti, 1768
Viperini - Oppel, 1811
Viperidae - Gray, 1825^[1]

The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes commonly referred to as vipers
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The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in placental vertebrates, such as some mammals and sharks during gestation (pregnancy).

The placenta develops from the same sperm and egg cells that form the fetus, and functions as a fetomaternal organ with two
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Scorpiones
C. L. Koch, 1837

Superfamilies

Pseudochactoidea
Buthoidea
Chaeriloidea
Chactoidea
Iuroidea
Scorpionoidea
See classification for families.
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SHARK

General
Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen, Bart Preneel, Antoon Bosselaers, Erik De Win
1996

KHAZAD, Rijndael

Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128 bits

Block size(s):| 64 bits
Substitution-permutation network
6

In cryptography,
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Onychophora
Grube, 1853

Global range of Onychophora: Peripatidae in green, Peripatopsidae in blue

Extant families

Peripatidae
Peripatopsidae
Onychophora, the velvet worms
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Germination is the process where growth emerges from a period of dormancy. The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm.
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Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three senses, (1) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal ^[1]
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Tiger Lily is a girl of apparently Chinese heritage who appears in about 4 episodes of the US/UK animated television series Rupert from 1991 to 1997. She is Rupert's only recurring female friend and why she doesn't appear in more episodes is currently unknown, even though she is in
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Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of many fish, amphibians and reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects and arachnids.
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Eutheria

Orders^[1]

Bobolestes
Eomaia
Maelestes
Montanalestes
Murtoilestes
Prokennalestes
Placentalia
Superorder

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Marsupialia
Illiger, 1811

Orders

Didelphimorphia
Paucituberculata
Microbiotheria
Dasyuromorphia
Peramelemorphia
Notoryctemorphia
Diprotodontia
Sparassodonta (extinct)
Yalkaparidontia (extinct)

Marsupials
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Live-bearing aquarium fish, often simply called livebearers, are fish that retain the eggs inside the body and give birth to live, free-swimming young. Because the newborn fish are relatively large compared to the fry of oviparous fish, they are easier to feed than
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False Vivipary is an abnormal condition found in many types of plants in which a plantlet is produced where the flower should appear. It is not a completely understood topic, but some say it could be caused by a hormonal mistake.
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Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems.
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Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones.

Function of endocrine organs, hormones and receptors

Hormones are molecules that act as signals from one type of cells to another.
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Sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction. Unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually, sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization.
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Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) is a surgical subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction.
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The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in the females of several mammals, including human beings and other apes.^[1] Humans are the only species that has a menstrual cycle with concealed ovulation.
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Oestrus is also the biological genus name of the gadfly.

The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; originally derived from Latin oestrus
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Menstruation is a phase of the menstrual cycle in which the uterine lining (endometrium) is shed. Menstrual cycles occur exclusively in humans and other apes.^[1]
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The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the estrous cycle, (or, in humans and great apes, the menstrual cycle) during which follicles in the ovary mature. It ends with ovulation. The main hormone controlling this stage is estradiol.
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Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction.
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The luteal phase (or secretory phase) is the latter phase of the estrous cycle in animals, and the menstrual cycle in humans and great apes. It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis.
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Gametogenesis is a process by which the diploid germ cells undergo a number of chromosomal and morphological changes to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of gametocytes into various gametes
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