Information about Video Formats
A video format describes how one device sends video pictures to another device, such as the way that a DVD player sends pictures to a television, or a computer to a monitor. More formally, the video format describes the sequence and structure of frames that create the moving video image.
Video formats are commonly known in the domain of commercial broadcast and consumer devices; most notably to date, these are the analog video formats of NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. However, video formats also describe the digital equivalents of the commercial formats, the aging custom military uses of analog video (such as RS-170 and RS-343), the increasingly important video formats used with computers, and even such offbeat formats such as color field sequential.
Video formats were originally designed for display devices such as a CRTs. However, because other kinds of displays have common source material and because video formats enjoy wide adoption and have convenient organization, video formats are a common means to describe the structure of displayed visual information for a variety of graphical output devices.
See List of codecs
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Video formats are commonly known in the domain of commercial broadcast and consumer devices; most notably to date, these are the analog video formats of NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. However, video formats also describe the digital equivalents of the commercial formats, the aging custom military uses of analog video (such as RS-170 and RS-343), the increasingly important video formats used with computers, and even such offbeat formats such as color field sequential.
Video formats were originally designed for display devices such as a CRTs. However, because other kinds of displays have common source material and because video formats enjoy wide adoption and have convenient organization, video formats are a common means to describe the structure of displayed visual information for a variety of graphical output devices.
Common organization of video formats
A video format describes a rectangular image carried within an envelope containing information about the image. Although video formats vary greatly in organization, there is a common taxonomy:- A frame can consist of two or more fields, sent sequentially, that are displayed over time to form a complete frame. This kind of assembly is known as interlace. An interlaced video frame is distinguished from a progressive scan frame, where the entire frame is sent as a single intact entity.
- A frame consists of a series of lines, known as scan lines. Scan lines have a regular and consistent length in order to produce a rectangular image. This is because in analog formats, a line lasts for a given period of time; in digital formats, the line consists of a given number of pixels. When a device sends a frame, the video format specifies that devices sends each line independently from any others and that all lines are sent in top-to-bottom order.
- As above, a frame may be split into fields – odd and even (by line "numbers") or upper and lower, respectively. In NTSC, the lower field comes first, then the upper field, and that's the whole frame. The basics of a format are Aspect Ratio, Frame Rate, and Interlacing with field order if applicable: Video formats use a sequence of frames in a specified order. In some formats, a single frame is independent of any other (such as those used in computer video formats), so the sequence is only one frame. In other video formats (such as the Bruch sequence in PAL), frames have an ordered position. Individual frames within a sequence typically have similar construction. However, depending on its position in the sequence, frames may vary small elements within them to represent additional information. For example, MPEG-2 compression, may eliminate the information that is redundant frame-to-frame in order to reduce the data size, preserving the information relating to changes between frames. See Video Compression for further explanation, and particularly I-frame or Key-frame.
Analog video formats
Blanking region
The video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing synchronization information or a time delay. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.Digital Video Formats
These are MPEG2 based terrestrial broadcast video fomats These are strictly the format of the video itself, and not for the modulation used for transmission.See List of codecs
| [ edit ] Video formats |
|---|
| Analog broadcast |
| 525 lines: NTSC | NTSC-J | PAL-M |
| 625 lines: PAL | PAL-N | PALplus | SECAM |
| Defunct systems: Pre-1940 | 405 lines | 819 lines | Baird-Nipkow | MAC | MUSE |
| Multichannel audio: BTSC (MTS) | NICAM-728 | Zweiton (A2, IGR) |
| Hidden signals: Captioning | Teletext | CGMS-A | GCR | PDC | VBI | VEIL | VITC | WSS | XDS |
| Digital broadcast |
| Interlaced: SDTV (480i, 576i) | HDTV (1080i) |
| Progressive: LDTV (240p, 288p, 1seg) | EDTV (480p, 576p) | HDTV (720p, 1080p) |
| Digital TV standards: MPEG-2: ATSC, DVB, ISDB | MPEG-4: SBTVD |
| Multichannel audio: AAC (5.1) | Musicam | PCM | LPCM |
| Hidden signals: Captioning | Teletext | (CPCM/Broadcast flag) | AFD | EPG |
| Digital cinema: UHDV (2540p, 4320p) | DCI | 22.2 audio |
| Technical issues: | MPEG transport | Standards conversion | Video processing | VOD |
Video (Latin for "I see", first person singular present, indicative of videre, "to see") is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.
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A film frame, or just frame, is one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture. The individual frames are separated by frame lines. Normally, 24 frames are needed for one second of film.
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PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC.
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SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France.
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Theory — boolean logic | digital signal processing | computer architecture
Applications — digital photography | digital audio | digital video
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Applications — digital photography | digital audio | digital video
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The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is an international body, founded in the late 1980s by NEC Home Electronics and eight other video display adapter manufacturers. The initial goal was to produce a standard for 800x600 SVGA resolution video displays.
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display device, also known as an information display is a device for visual or tactile presentation of images (including text) acquired, stored, or transmitted in various forms.
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1. Electron guns 2. Electron beams 3. Focusing coils 4. Deflection coils 5. Anode connection 6. Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of displayed image 7.
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A graphical output device is a computer output device that produces visual material.
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List of graphical output devices
- Computer display, display device
- Cathode ray tube
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Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal without consuming any extra bandwidth. It was invented by RCA engineer Randall C. Ballard in the 1930s.
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Progressive or noninterlaced scanning is any method for displaying, storing or transmitting moving images in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence.
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Walter Bruch (March 2 1908 - May 5 1990) was a German engineer, famous for inventing the PAL color television system at Telefunken in the early 1960s. Additionally to his research activities, Professor Bruch taught at Hannover Technical University.
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Video compression refers to reducing the quantity of data used to represent video images, and this is almost always coupled with the goal of retaining as much of the original's quality as possible.
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PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC.
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SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France.
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In television broadcasting, the front porch is a brief (about 1.5 microsecond) period inserted between the end of each transmitted line of picture and the leading edge of the next line sync pulse.
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Back porch refers to the portion in each scan line of a video signal between the end (rising edge) of the horizontal sync pulse and the start of active video. It was originally allocated to allow the slow electronics in early televisions time to respond to the sync pulse and
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MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information".[1] It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio compression (audio data compression) methods which permit storage and transmission of movies using
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ATSC Standards document a digital television format which will replace (in the United States) the analog NTSC television system[1] (NTSC is used mostly in North America and Japan). It was developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee.
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DVB, short for Digital Video Broadcasting, is a suite of internationally accepted open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an industry consortium with more than 270 members, and they are published by a
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Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) is the digital television (DTV) and digital radio format that Japan has created to allow radio and television stations there to convert to digital.
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Introduction
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Video (Latin for "I see", first person singular present, indicative of videre, "to see") is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.
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- For the musical use of "modulation" as a change of key, see modulation (music).
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In telecommunications, transmission is the forwarding of signal traffic over distances that are too great to be simply connected by a twisted pair wires. Techniques available now may be microwave link, satellite link, coaxial cable or fibre optic cable.
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Audio Video Interleave (AVI) is not a codec, rather it is a container format, like Matroska, that many video codecs can use.
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See also
- Open source codecs and containers
- Comparison of video codecs
- Comparison of audio codecs
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NTSC-J is an analog television system and video display standard for the region of Japan.
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PAL-M is the TV system used in Brazil since February 19, 1972. At that time, Brazil was the first country in South America with broadcasting in color. Rede Bandeirantes passed to PAL-M that year, while other television stations - like Rede Globo and Tupi - made a progressive and
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