Information about Vera Videotape Format
VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus) was an early videotape format developed by the BBC beginning in 1952.
In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals are so high that the tape/head speed is on the order of several meters per second (tens of feet per second), as opposed to 38 or 75 centimeters (15 or 30 inches) per second used by professional analog audio tape recording. The BBC solved the problem by using 20.5" (52cm) reels of tape that were propelled past the static heads at a speed of 5.08 metres (almost 17 feet, or 200 inches) per second (11.4 mi/h or 18.3 km/h).
VERA was capable of recording about 15 minutes of 405-line black-and-white video per reel, and the picture tended to wobble because the synchronizing pulses that keep the picture stable were not recorded accurately enough. Ironically, the only VERA recordings that survive are film telerecordings of the original demonstration.
In order to cope with 625-line PAL or SECAM colour transmissions VERA would likely have required an even faster, and possibly unfeasible, tape speed.
Development began in 1952, but VERA was not perfected until 1958, by which time it had already been rendered obsolete by the Ampex quadruplex video recording system. This used 2" (5 cm)-wide tapes running at a speed of 38cm (15") per second. The rapid tape-to-head speed was achieved by spinning the heads rapidly on a drum – the system used, with variations, on all video tape systems ever since, as well as DAT. (See also: helical scan)
The BBC scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system.
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An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes,
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In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals are so high that the tape/head speed is on the order of several meters per second (tens of feet per second), as opposed to 38 or 75 centimeters (15 or 30 inches) per second used by professional analog audio tape recording. The BBC solved the problem by using 20.5" (52cm) reels of tape that were propelled past the static heads at a speed of 5.08 metres (almost 17 feet, or 200 inches) per second (11.4 mi/h or 18.3 km/h).
VERA was capable of recording about 15 minutes of 405-line black-and-white video per reel, and the picture tended to wobble because the synchronizing pulses that keep the picture stable were not recorded accurately enough. Ironically, the only VERA recordings that survive are film telerecordings of the original demonstration.
In order to cope with 625-line PAL or SECAM colour transmissions VERA would likely have required an even faster, and possibly unfeasible, tape speed.
Development began in 1952, but VERA was not perfected until 1958, by which time it had already been rendered obsolete by the Ampex quadruplex video recording system. This used 2" (5 cm)-wide tapes running at a speed of 38cm (15") per second. The rapid tape-to-head speed was achieved by spinning the heads rapidly on a drum – the system used, with variations, on all video tape systems ever since, as well as DAT. (See also: helical scan)
The BBC scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system.
External links
- BBC: The rise and rise of the video
- Oldboys article including instruction manual and film footage
- Chronomedia article
- Blog describing many missing UK Television programmes
Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. In most cases, a helical scan video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions, because video signals have a very high bandwidth, and static heads would
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The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Type Broadcast radio and television
Country United Kingdom
Availability National
International
Founder John Reith
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Type Broadcast radio and television
Country United Kingdom
Availability National
International
Founder John Reith
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1949 1950 1951 - 1952 - 1953 1954 1955
Year 1952 (MCMLII
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1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1949 1950 1951 - 1952 - 1953 1954 1955
Year 1952 (MCMLII
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second (SI symbol: s), sometimes abbreviated sec., is the name of a unit of time, and is the International System of Units (SI) base unit of time.
SI prefixes are frequently combined with the word second to denote subdivisions of the second, e.g.
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SI prefixes are frequently combined with the word second to denote subdivisions of the second, e.g.
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1 foot =
SI units
0 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
0 yd 0 in
A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′SI units
0 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
0 yd 0 in
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1 centimetre =
SI units
010−3 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−3 ft 0 in
A centimetre (American spelling: centimeter, symbol cmSI units
010−3 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−3 ft 0 in
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1 inch =
SI units
010−3 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−3 ft 010−3 yd
SI units
010−3 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−3 ft 010−3 yd
An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes,
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The 405-line monochrome analogue television broadcasting system was the first electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting. It was introduced with the BBC Television Service in 1936, suspended for the duration of World War II, and remained in operation in the UK
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Black-and-white is a broad adjectival term used to describe a number of monochrome forms of visual arts. Most forms of visual technology start out in black and white, then slowly evolve into color as technology progresses.
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Telerecording (known as kinescoping in the USA) is the British name for a process pioneered during the 1940s for the storing of electronically-shot television programmes on film, which was used for the preservation, re-broadcasting and sale of television programmes before
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PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC.
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SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1949 1950 1951 - 1952 - 1953 1954 1955
Year 1952 (MCMLII
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1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1949 1950 1951 - 1952 - 1953 1954 1955
Year 1952 (MCMLII
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1955 1956 1957 - 1958 - 1959 1960 1961
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII
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1920s 1930s 1940s - 1950s - 1960s 1970s 1980s
1955 1956 1957 - 1958 - 1959 1960 1961
Year 1958 (MCMLVIII
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AMPEX (NASDAQ: AMPX ) is an American electronics company founded in 1944. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, Alexander M. Poniatoff, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence.
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2 inch Quadruplex (also called 2″ Quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful videotape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood
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Digital Audio Tape
A 90-minute DAT cartridge, size compared to a AA (LR6) battery.
Media type: Magnetic Tape
Capacity: 120 minutes
Read mechanism: Rotating head
Write mechanism: Rotating head and helical scan
Developed by: Sony
Usage: Audio storage
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A 90-minute DAT cartridge, size compared to a AA (LR6) battery.
Media type: Magnetic Tape
Capacity: 120 minutes
Read mechanism: Rotating head
Write mechanism: Rotating head and helical scan
Developed by: Sony
Usage: Audio storage
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Helical scan or striping is a method of recording higher bandwidth signals onto magnetic tape than would otherwise be possible at the same tape speed with fixed heads.
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