Tumor

Information about Tumor

For malignant tumors specifically, see .

Tumor or tumour (via Old French tumour from Latin tumor "swelling") is an abnormal growth or mass of tissue. A tumor can be either malignant or benign. Nearly all tumors are examples of neoplasia, although certain developmental malformations or inflammatory masses may occasionally be referred to as tumors.

Causes

Neoplastic tumors are caused by mutations in DNA of cells, which interfere with a cell's ability to regulate and limit cell division. An accumulation of mutations is needed for a tumor to emerge. Mutations that activate oncogenes or repress tumor suppressor genes can eventually lead to tumors. Cells have mechanisms that repair DNA and other mechanisms that cause the cell to destroy itself by apoptosis if DNA damage gets too severe. Mutations that repress the genes for these mechanisms can also eventually lead to cancer. A mutation in one oncogene or one tumor repressor gene is usually not enough for a tumor to occur. A combination of a number of mutations is necessary.

More recently, it has emerged that some human cancers, particularly epithelial cancers, are caused by virus infection. One common group of cancer-causing viruses are members of the Herpesvirus family, which can cause cancers such as Kaposi Sarcoma. A recent vaccine for the causative agent of many forms of genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV), was publicised as a vaccine against cervical cancer, as HPV causes nearly all primary cervical cancers.

DNA microarrays can be used to determine if the expression of oncogenes or tumor repressor genes has been altered. Possibly in the future tumors can be treated better by using DNA microarrays to determine the exact characteristics of the tumor.

References

Ramzi Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, Sixth Edition. W.B. Saunders. ISBN 072167335X.

• • [ e] Pathology: Tumors, neoplasia, and oncology (, )
Benign tumors	Hyperplasia - Cyst - Pseudocyst - Hamartoma - Benign neoplasm
Malignant progression	Dysplasia - Carcinoma in situ - Invasive cancer - Metastasis
Topography	Anus - Bladder - Bile duct - Bone - Brain - Breast - Cervix - Colon/rectum - Endometrium - Esophagus - Eye - Gallbladder - Head/Neck - Liver - Kidney - Larynx - Lung - Mediastinum (chest) - Mouth - Ovaries - Pancreas - Penis - Prostate - Skin - Small intestine - Stomach - Tailbone - Testicles - Thyroid
Misc.	Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes - Staging/grading - Carcinogenesis - Carcinogen - Research - Paraneoplastic phenomenon - List of oncology-related terms

Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300.
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Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.

The study of tissue is known as histology, or, in connection with disease, histopathology.
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A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer. Thus, by definition, a benign tumor:

does not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner
does not invade surrounding tissues
does not metastasize

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Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal and purposeless proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. A neoplastic growth is called a neoplasm. Most neoplasms proliferate to form distinct masses, or tumors
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MeSH D006222 A hamartoma is a focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues.
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Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
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mutations are changes to the base pair sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can occur deliberately
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Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline that studies cells. This includes their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with
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Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.
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An oncogene is a modified gene, or a set of nucleotides that codes for a protein and is believed to cause cancer. Genetic mutations resulting in the activation of oncogenes increase the chance that a normal cell will develop into a tumor cell.
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A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. A mutation or deletion of such a gene will increase the probability of the formation of a tumor.
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Apoptosis (pronounced ă-pŏp-tŏ’sĭs, apo tō' sis) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a
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Herpesviridae

Genera
Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
   Simplexvirus
   Varicellovirus
   Mardivirus
   Iltovirus
Subfamily
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Classification & external resources

Intraoral Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion with an overlying candidiasis infection.
ICD-10 C 46.
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Human Papilloma Virus
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 97.7
ICD-9 078.1 079.4

DiseasesDB 6032

eMedicine med/1037
MeSH D030361
Main characteristics
Prevalence ?
Transmission ?
Symptoms ?
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DNA microarray (also commonly known as gene or genome chip, DNA chip, or gene array) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots, commonly representing single genes, arrayed on a solid surface by covalent attachment to chemically suitable matrices.
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Tumor markers are substances found in the blood, urine or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer. There are many different tumor markers. They are used in oncology to help determine the presence of cancer.
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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies tumors (cancer) and seeks to understand their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. A Medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.
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Hyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen. Hyperplasia may result in the gross enlargement of an organ, the formation of a benign tumor, or may be visible only under a
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CYST see St. Theresa Point Airport.

For hard-shelled resting stages of some small organisms, see encystment.

A cyst (soft "c", rhymes with "list") is a closed sac having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue.
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A pseudocyst is a pathological collection of fluid. A pseudocyst may appear to be a true cyst to the naked eye or on a CAT scan. However, it is technically not a cyst. The wall of a true cyst consists of a clearly defined epithelial cell layer.
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A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer. Thus, by definition, a benign tumor:

does not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner
does not invade surrounding tissues
does not metastasize

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Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: "bad form") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells.
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an early form of carcinoma defined by the absence of invasion of surrounding tissues. In other words, the neoplastic cells proliferate in their normal habitat, hence the name 'in situ' (Latin for 'in its place').
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