Information about Toxicophore
A toxicophore is a feature or group within a chemical structure that is thought to be responsible for the toxic properties, either directly or via metabolic activation.
A toxic substance exerts its toxicity through interaction (covalent bonding or oxidation) with a cellular macromolecule, such as a protein or DNA. This causes changes in the normal cellular biochemistry and physiology eliciting toxic effects. Occasionally, the toxicophore requires bioactivation, modified by an enzyme, to produce a more reactive chemical species that is able to covalently bind to cellular macromolecules. Generally, different chemical compounds that contain the same toxicophore elicit similar toxic effects within the same organ system or area of the body.[1]
A toxic substance exerts its toxicity through interaction (covalent bonding or oxidation) with a cellular macromolecule, such as a protein or DNA. This causes changes in the normal cellular biochemistry and physiology eliciting toxic effects. Occasionally, the toxicophore requires bioactivation, modified by an enzyme, to produce a more reactive chemical species that is able to covalently bind to cellular macromolecules. Generally, different chemical compounds that contain the same toxicophore elicit similar toxic effects within the same organ system or area of the body.[1]
References
1. ^ Williams, D.P.; Naisbitt, D.J. (2002). Toxicophores: Groups and Metabolic Routes Associated with Increased Safety Risk, pp. 104-115.
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Metabolism is the complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. These processes are the basis of life, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories.
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Toxicity is the degree to which something is able to produce illness or damage to an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human or a bacterium or a plant, or to a substructure, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity
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Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds.
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Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.
This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the
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This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the
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macromolecule implies large molecule. In the context of science and engineering, the term may be applied to conventional polymers and biopolymers (such as DNA) as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as lipids or macrocycles.
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Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.[1] The word "biochemistry" comes from the Greek word βιοχημεία biochēmeia, which means "the chemistry of life.
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Physiology (from Greek: φυσις, physis, “nature, origin”; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
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Pharmacological or biological activity is an expression describing the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. When the drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions.[1] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.
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Chemical species[1] are atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., as entities being subjected to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the
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