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Information about Tiny Hawk

Tiny Hawk
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Accipitriformes
Family:Accipitridae
Genus:Accipiter
Species:A. superciliosus
Binomial name
Accipiter superciliosus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
The Tiny Hawk, Accipiter superciliosus, is a small diurnal bird of prey found in forested and edge areas throughout much of the central neotropics. It is primarily a bird-eater, and is known to prey on hummingbirds.

Taxonomy

There are two subspecies of Tiny Hawk, separated by the northern Andes. The two differ most significantly in relative tail length; differences in size and color are small, and can be hard to distinguish.[1]
  • A. s. superciliosus is found east of the Andes in South America. Slightly the larger of the two subspecies, it is paler and has diffuse, grayish barring on the underparts.
  • A. s. fontanieri is found from Nicaragua down to western Ecuador. It is somewhat smaller and darker than the nominate A. s. superciliosus, with a shorter tail and sharper, blacker barring below.
The Tiny Hawk and its sister species, the upland-dwelling Semicollared Hawk, form a superspecies.

Description

The Tiny Hawk is aptly named; males measure a mere 20 cm (eight inches, or about the size of a Turdus thrush), though females are slightly larger at 26.5 cm (10.5 in). The birds range in weight from 75–120 g (0.17–0.26 lb). As with most raptors, there is considerable sexual dimorphism in size, with females measuring 5–26 percent longer and as much as 60 percent heavier than males.

The adult male Tiny Hawk is dark slaty gray above, with a mottled gray face, a paler gray supercilium, and a blackish crown and nape. The white underparts are covered with fine gray barring, except on the unmarked throat. The longish tail is dark with three paler gray bands. Adult females are similar, but browner above with buffier underparts and browner barring below.

Immature birds come in two color morphs: the more common brown and the much rarer rufous. Brown morph birds are dark brown above, finely barred with black, and buff below, heavily barred with cinnamon. Rufous morph immatures are more chestnut above, and barred with rufous (rather than cinnamon) on the underparts. They also have duskier heads and brighter rufous tails than do brown morph birds.

The cere and legs of all ages are yellow, and the bill, which is relatively heavy, is gray. Adults have red or red-brown irises, while those of immatures are yellowish.

Unlike most accipiters, the Tiny Hawk's tail is quite short; it is squared or notched at the tip. Its wings are medium-length, with pointed tips, and its legs and toes are long.

Habitat and distribution

Tiny Hawks are patchily distributed from eastern Nicaragua down to western Ecuador, northern Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil. They frequent humid and wet lowland forests (including second growth) and forested foothills from sea level to about 1800 meters (5900 ft), though most records come from elevations below 1000 m (3300 ft).

The species is believed to be fairly sedentary.[1]

Behavior

On clear mornings (and occasionally in late afternoons), the Tiny Hawk will sometimes sun itself on a high open branch.[3] Occasionally, pairs will sun together.[1] Otherwise, this is a secretive species and easily overlooked. It generally hunts from a perch, located anywhere from the undergrowth to the canopy, though most often in the middle story. When hunting in low growth, it often flashes from one perch to another in rapid succession. It is a fast flier; instead of the typical flap-flap-glide cadence of the accipiters, it makes a few quick flaps and then briefly closes its wings before flapping again.[1] Tiny Hawks occasionally soar above the forest canopy.

Diet

Like all accipiters, the Tiny Hawk feeds primarily on birds. It hunts hummingbirds and small passerines, typically darting out from a place of concealment to snatch them as they pass by, but also ambushing them when the smaller birds are perched. There is some evidence that it learns the regular perches of some hummingbirds and hunts for them there.[3] Some individuals also hunt rodents.[1]

Breeding

Little is known about the Tiny Hawk's breeding biology. Their breeding season may vary depending on their location; from Panama to Colombia, it apparently runs between February and June, while in the southern part of the range, it may range from October to January.[1] They are known to build stick nests, at least sometimes in the canopy of tall trees. In Venezuela, there is a record of a pair nesting in an old Black-collared Hawk nest.[3] Females lay one to three bluish-white eggs, faintly streaked and spotted with brown. Incubation and fledging periods are not known.

Vocalization

The call of the Tiny Hawk is a shrill, high-pitched, somewhat quavery series of 20–30 notes of uneven pitch. After an intial few accelerating notes, the call settles into a steady rhythm, variously transcribed as caucau-ca-ca-ca, keer-keer-keer or kree-ree-ree-ree.[3][3]

Citations

1. ^ BirdLife International (2004). Accipiter superciliosus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 08 July 2007. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^

References

  • id="CITEREFde la PeñaRumboll">de la Peña, Martín & Maurice Rumboll, Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-220077-5
    • id="CITEREFFerguson-LeesChristie1999">Ferguson-Lees, James & David A. Christie (1999), Raptors of the World, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 0-7136-8026-1
      • id="CITEREFHilty2003">Hilty, Steven L. (2003), Birds of Venezuela, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 0-7126-6418-5
        • id="CITEREFStilesSkutch">Stiles, Gary & Alexander Skutch, A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica, Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates, ISBN 0-8014-2287-6

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          Chordata
          Bateson, 1885

          Typical Classes

          See below

          Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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          Aves
          Linnaeus, 1758

          Orders

          About two dozen - see section below

          Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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          Accipitriformes

          Families

          Accipitridae
          Pandionidae
          Sagittariidae
          Cathartidae

          In a common but inaccurate way in which the raptors are classified, the order Accipitriformes
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          Accipitridae
          Vieillot, 1816

          Subfamilies
          • Accipitrinae
          • Aegypiinae
          • Buteoninae
          • Circaetinae
          • Circinae
          • Elaninae
          • Milvinae
          • Perninae
          but see text

          The Accipitridae
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          Accipiter
          Brisson, 1760

          Species

          About 50, see text

          The genus Accipiter is a group of birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, mostly consisting of birds known as Goshawks and Sparrowhawks.
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          binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species. The system is also called binominal nomenclature (particularly in zoological circles), binary nomenclature (particularly in botanical circles), or the binomial classification system.
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          Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)

          Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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          Diurnal ("daily") may refer to:
          • Diurnal animal, a plant or animal that is active in the daytime
          • Actions which are completed in 24 hours and are repeated every 24 hours, e.g. the sun reaching its zenith.

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            Accipitriformes
          • Pandionidae
          • Accipitridae
          • Sagittariidae
          • Falconiformes
          • Falconidae


          A
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          In biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.

          This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant
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          Trochilidae
          Vigors, 1825

          Subfamilies

          Phaethornithinae
          Trochilinae

          For a taxonomic list of genera, see:
          • List of hummingbirds in taxonomic order
          For an alphabetic species list, see:
          • Alphabetic species list



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          Andes (Quechua: Anti(s/kuna))

          The Andes between Chile and Argentina


          Countries |
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          Anthem
          Salve a ti, Nicaragua


          Capital
          (and largest city) Managua

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          Motto
          "Dios, patria y libertad"   (Spanish)
          "Pro Deo, Patria et Libertas"   (Latin)
          "God, homeland and liberty"
          Anthem

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          Cladistics is a philosophy of classification that arranges organisms only by their order of branching in an evolutionary tree and not by their morphological similarity, in the words of Luria et al. (1981).
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          A. collaris

          Binomial name
          Accipiter collaris
          Sclater, 1860

          The Semicollared Hawk (Accipiter collaris) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.
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          In biology, a cryptic species complex is a group of species that satisfy the biological definition of species — that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other — but which are not morphologically distinguishable.
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          010−3 m 0 mm
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          010−3 ft 0 in
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          1 inch =
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          010−3 m 0 mm
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          010−3 ft 010−3 yd


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          Turdus
          Linnaeus, 1758

          Species

          Some 65, see text.
          The true thrushes are medium-sized mostly insectivorous or omnivorous birds in the genus Turdus of the thrush family Turdidae.
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          Gram
          Unit sign g
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            Accipitriformes
          • Pandionidae
          • Accipitridae
          • Sagittariidae
          • Falconiformes
          • Falconidae


          A
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          Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. Examples include size, color, and the presence or absence of parts of the body used in courtship displays or fights, such as ornamental feathers, horns, antlers or tusks.
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          The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which, in addition to eating, is used for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship, and feeding their young.
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