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Information about Thioredoxin Reductase

thioredoxin reductase 1
Identifiers
SymbolTXNRD1
Entrez7296
HUGO12437
OMIM601112
RefSeqNM_003330
UniProtQ16881
Other data
LocusChr. 12 q23-q24.1
thioredoxin reductase 2
Identifiers
SymbolTXNRD2
Entrez10587
HUGO18155
OMIM606448
RefSeqNM_006440
UniProtQ9NNW7
Other data
LocusChr. 22 q11.21
thioredoxin reductase 3
Identifiers
SymbolTXNRD3
Entrez114112
HUGO20667
OMIM606235
RefSeqXM_051264
UniProtQ86VQ6
Other data
LocusChr. 3 p13-q13.33
Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) (EC 1.8.1.9) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx).[1]

Diversity

All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types of thioredoxin reductase evolved independently: Three TRs exist in animals: TR1, TR3, and TGR. Both TR1[2] and TR3[3] are essential proteins for mouse embryogenesis.

Clinical significance

Since the activity of this enzyme is essential for cell growth and survival, it is a good target for anti-tumor therapy.

For example, motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a new chemotherapeutic agent that selectively targets tumor cells, leading to cell death and apoptosis via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase.[4]

References

1. ^ Mustacich D, Powis G. "Thioredoxin reductase". Biochem J 346 Pt 1: 1-8. PMID 10657232. 
2. ^ Jakupoglu C, Przemeck G, Schneider M et al. (2005). "Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (5): 1980-8. PMID 15713651. 
3. ^ Conrad M, Jakupoglu C, Moreno S et al. (2004). "Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (21): 9414-23. PMID 15485910. 
4. ^ Hashemy S, Ungerstedt J, Zahedi Avval F, Holmgren A (2006). "Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (16): 10691-7. PMID 16481328. 

External links

 •  • [ e]
Protein: flavoproteins
Acetolactate synthase - Acyl CoA dehydrogenase - Apoptosis inducing factor - Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase - Cryptochrome - Cytochrome b5 reductase - Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase - Flavodoxin - Methemoglobin reductase - Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase - NADH dehydrogenase - NADPH oxidase - Nitrate reductase - Sarcosine oxidase - Thioredoxin reductase
 •  • [ e]
Oxidoreductases: sulfur oxidoreductases (EC 1.8)
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase - Glutathione reductase - Thioredoxin reductase - Sulfite oxidase
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
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Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
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locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
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The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
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Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".

Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
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The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988.
..... Click the link for more information.
Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
..... Click the link for more information.
locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".

Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
..... Click the link for more information.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988.
..... Click the link for more information.
Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
..... Click the link for more information.
locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
..... Click the link for more information.
Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
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Thioredoxins are proteins that act as antioxidants by facilitating the reduction of other proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. Thioredoxins are found in nearly all known organisms and are essential for life in mammals.
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Prokaryotes (IPA: /prəʊˈkæriəʊtiz/) are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles.
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Archaea
Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990

Phyla

Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
ARMAN
The Archaea (
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]

Divisions

Green algae
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophyta
Land plants (embryophytes)
  • Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)

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Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases and some hydrogenases).
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Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo is formed and develops. It starts with the fertilization of the ovum, egg, which, after fertilization, is then called a zygote.
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Motexafin gadolinium is an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. It has been proposed as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of brain cancer.[1]

References

1.

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Identifiers
Symbol RRM2

Entrez 6241
HUGO 10452
OMIM 180390

RefSeq NM_001034
UniProt P31350
Other data
EC number 1.17.4.1
Locus Chr.
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence,
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The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, or AHAS) is the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine).
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Acyl CoA dehydrogenase is the enzyme used to catalyze the first step of β-oxidation in Fatty acid metabolism.

Reaction

The following reaction is the oxidation of the fatty acid by FAD.

The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the C-2 and C-3.
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