Information about Thioflavin T
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Thioflavin T mw: 318.36
Thioflavin T (Basic Yellow 1 or CI 49005) is a benzothiazole salt obtained by the methylation of dehydrothiotoluidine with methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The dye is used to visualize plaques composed of amyloid beta found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients as well as other amyloid proteins. When it binds to beta sheets, such as those in amyloid oligomers, the dye undergoes a characteristic 115 nm red shift of its excitation spectrum that may be selectively excited at 442 nm, resulting in a fluorescence signal at 482 nm [1]. This red shift is only observed if amyloid fibrils are present. It will not undergo this red shift upon binding to precursor monomers or small oligomers [2], or if there is a high beta sheet content [3]. If no amyloid fibrils are present in solution, excitation and emission occur at 342 and 430 nm repectivly [1].
Thioflavin S is a mixture of compounds that results from the methylation of dehydrothiotoluidine with sulfonic acid. It is also used to stain Alzheimer's plaques. Like Thioflavin T it binds to amyloid fibrils but not monomers and gives a distinct spectral shift upon binding [1]. However the dye is unable to be used in quantitative measurements of fibril solutions due to its high background fluorescence [1].
References
1. ^ H. LeVine III, Methods in Enzymology. 309, 274 (1999)
2. ^ H. LeVine III, Prot. Sci. 2, 404 (1993)
3. ^ H. LeVine III, Amyloid Int. J. Exp. Clin. Invest. 2, 1 (1995)
2. ^ H. LeVine III, Prot. Sci. 2, 404 (1993)
3. ^ H. LeVine III, Amyloid Int. J. Exp. Clin. Invest. 2, 1 (1995)
External links
Histology (from the Greek ἱστός) is the study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice, using a microtome. It can be described as microscopic anatomy.
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Benzothiazole is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with a melting point of 2 °C, and a boiling point of 227-228 °C. The density of benzothiazole is 1.238 g/ml (25 °C). It is a heterocyclic organic compound. Benzothiazole has no household use.
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Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naptha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH.
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hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). It is a strong acid, the major component of gastric acid and of wide industrial use. Hydrochloric acid must be handled with appropriate safety precautions because it is a highly corrosive liquid.
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Senile plaques (syn. neuritic plaques, senile druse, braindruse) are extracellular deposits of amyloid in the gray matter of the brain. The deposits are associated with degenerative neural structures and an abundance of microglia and astrocytes.
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Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) is a peptide of 39-43 amino acids that is the main constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Similar plaques appear in some variants of Lewy body dementia and in inclusion body myositis, a muscle disease.
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Alzheimer's disease
Classification & external resources
Histopathologic image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation.
ICD-10 G 30. , F 00.
ICD-9 331.0 , 290.
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Classification & external resources
Histopathologic image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation.
ICD-10 G 30. , F 00.
ICD-9 331.0 , 290.
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β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins — the first is the alpha helix — consisting of beta strands
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β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins — the first is the alpha helix — consisting of beta strands
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Sulfonic acid is a hypothetical acid with formula H-S(=O)2-OH. This compound is a less stable tautomer of sulfurous acid HO-S(=O)-OH, so sulfonic acid converts rapidly when it is formed.
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