Information about Thermoreceptor
A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to temperature, primarily within the innocuous range. In the mammalian peripheral nervous system warm receptors are thought to be unmyelinated C-fibres (slow conduction velocity), while those responding to cold have thinly myelinated Aδ axons (faster conduction velocity).
A special form of thermoreceptor is found in some snakes, the viper pit organ and this specialised structure is sensitive to energy in the infrared part of the spectrum.
Warm and cold receptors play a part in sensing innocuous environmetal temperature. Temperatures likely to damage an organism are sensed by sub-categories of nociceptors that may respond to noxious cold, noxious heat or more than one noxious stimulus modality (i.e they are polymodal).
A special form of thermoreceptor is found in some snakes, the viper pit organ and this specialised structure is sensitive to energy in the infrared part of the spectrum.
Location
In mammals, temperature receptors innervate various tissues including the skin, cornea and bladder. Neurons from the pre-optic and hypothalamic regions of the brain that respond to small changes in temperature have also been described, providing information on core temperature. The hypothalamus is involved in thermoregulation, the thermoreceptors allowing feed-forward responses to a predicted change in core body temperature in response to changing environmental conditions.Structure
Thermoreceptors have been classically described as having 'free' non-specialised endings; the mechanism of activation in response to temperature changes is not completely understood. However, it is likely that proteins of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family as well as some specific potassium channels (two-pore domain) are involved.Function
Cold-sensitive thermoreceptors give rise to the sensations of cooling, cold and freshness. In the cornea cold receptors are thought to respond with an increase in firing rate to cooling produced by evaporation of lacrimal fluid 'tears' and thereby to elicit a reflex blink.Warm and cold receptors play a part in sensing innocuous environmetal temperature. Temperatures likely to damage an organism are sensed by sub-categories of nociceptors that may respond to noxious cold, noxious heat or more than one noxious stimulus modality (i.e they are polymodal).
External links
Nervous system, receptors: somatosensory system | |
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| Medial lemniscus | |
| Spinothalamic tract | |
In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell
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Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.
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C-fibers are part of the human sensory system, the part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
They are unmyelinated and as a result, have a slower conduction velocity than other nerve fibers, lower than 2 m/s.
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They are unmyelinated and as a result, have a slower conduction velocity than other nerve fibers, lower than 2 m/s.
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Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light with the longest wavelength.
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The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eye's optical power.[1] Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, and as a result helps the eye to focus, accounting for approximately
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Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal's internal environment and its
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Feed-forward is a term describing a kind of system which reacts to changes in its environment, usually to maintain some desired state of the system. A system which exhibits feed-forward behavior responds to a measured disturbance in a pre-defined way — contrast with a
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A free nerve ending (FNE) is an unspecialized, afferent nerve ending, meaning it brings information from the body's periphery to the brain. Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures, unlike those found in Meissner's or Pacinian corpuscles.
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Transient receptor potential or TRP channels are a family of loosely related ion channels that are non-selectively permeable to cations, including calcium and magnesium.
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A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that sends signals that cause the perception of pain in response to potentially damaging stimulus. Nociceptors are the nerve endings responsible for nociception, one of the two types of persistent pain (the other, neuropathic pain, occurs when
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. Prominent parts of a nervous system include neurons and nerves, which are used in coordination.
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In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell
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Somatic sensation consists of the various sensory receptors that trigger the experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle), and the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, and facial
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The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus.
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A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. There are four main types in the glabrous skin of humans: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini corpuscles.
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Pacinian corpuscles are one of the four major types of mechanoreceptor, responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch and high frequency vibration.
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Location
These corpuscles are found in mesenteries, especially the pancreas, and are often found near joints...... Click the link for more information.
Meissner's corpuscles (or tactile corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor, responsible for sensitivity to light touch.
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Location
They are distributed throughout the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingertips, palms,..... Click the link for more information.
Merkel nerve endings are mechanoreceptors found in the skin and mucosa of vertebrates that provide touch information to the brain. Each ending consists of a Merkel cell in close apposition with an enlarged nerve terminal.
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The Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle is a class of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor thought to exist only in the glabrous dermis and subcutaneous tissue of humans. It is named after Angelo Ruffini.
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A free nerve ending (FNE) is an unspecialized, afferent nerve ending, meaning it brings information from the body's periphery to the brain. Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures, unlike those found in Meissner's or Pacinian corpuscles.
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Location Cochlea
Function Amplify sound waves and transduce auditory information to the Brain Stem
Morphology Unique (see text)
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections
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Function Amplify sound waves and transduce auditory information to the Brain Stem
Morphology Unique (see text)
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections
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Baroreceptors (or baroceptors) in the human body detect the pressure of blood flowing through them, and can send messages to the central nervous system to increase or decrease total peripheral resistance and cardiac output.
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Proprioception (PRO-pree-o-SEP-shun (IPA pronunciation: [ˈpɹopɹiːoˌsɛpʃən]); from Latin proprius
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The Golgi organ (also called Golgi tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle), is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibres into the tendons of skeletal muscle.
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Muscle structure is innervated by both sensory and motor neuron axons. The Muscle Spindle's functions are to send proprioceptive information about the muscle to the central nervous system, and to respond to muscle stretching.
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Intrafusal fibers are muscle fibers that comprise the muscle spindle. These fibers are walled off from the rest of the muscle by a collagen sheath. This sheath has a spindle or "fusiform" shape, hence the name "intrafusal.
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Nuclear chain fiber is a specialized sensory organ contained within a muscle. Nuclear chain fibers are intrafusal fibers which, along with nuclear bag fibers, make up the muscle spindle responsible for the detection of changes in muscle length.
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1 to 3 nuclear bag fibres lie in the centre of each intrafusal muscle fibre of a muscle spindle. Each has a large number of nuclei concentrated in bags and they cause excitation of both the primary and secondary nerve fibres.
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See also
- nuclear chain fiber.
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The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord that transmits information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus. The pathway decussates at the level of the spinal cord, rather than in the brainstem like the posterior
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