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Information about Theodoros Pangalos (general)

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General Pangalos (1920)


Theodoros Pangalos (Greek: Θεόδωρος Πάγκαλος) (11 January 1878 – 26 February 1952) was a Greek general who briefly ruled the country in 1925 and 1926.

Early career

Pangalos was born on the island of Salamis. He graduated first in his class from the Hellenic Army Officer Cadet Academy (Scholi Evelpidon) in 1900 and continued his studies in Paris, France. In 1916 he supported Eleftherios Venizelos in his struggle against King Constantine I, and was rewarded with a senior position in the War Ministry. He participated in the Asia Minor Campaign in senior staff positions, but was demoted after Constantine returned to power in 1920. In 1922, Pangalos supported the coup d'etat by Nikolaos Plastiras which abolished the monarchy and declared the Second Hellenic Republic, and was made War Minister. His first job was to prosecute a number of prominent pro-monarchist government leaders by military court in what became known as the Trial of the Six, which resulted in six executions; he then rushed to Thessaloniki, from where he successfully reorganized the Greek army in Macedonia and Thrace, as the war with Turkey was not over, and an attack in the region was feared to be imminent. The reorganization was so successful that the Greek High Command prepared for a possible advance into Eastern Thrace in the face of the Turkish demands in the Lausanne peace talks. A sudden reversal of the Turks in April preempted the new war, and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.

A staunch nationalist, Pangalos objected to the terms of the treaty, and declared that his troops would attack Turkey nonetheless in order to block the deal. He was forced to resign, but his stance made him popular with the many segments of Greek society that objected to the treaty. During the period of political instability that followed, Pangalos jumped into the fray, gaining and losing a number of ministerial positions as governments came and went.

In power

On June 24, 1925, officers loyal to Pangalos, fearing that the political instability was putting the country at risk, overthrew the government in a coup. Pangalos immediately abolished the young republic and began to prosecute anyone who could possibly challenge his authority, including his old chief, Plastiras. Freedom of the press was abolished, and a number of repressive laws were enacted (including a law dictating the length of women's skirts - no more than 30cm above the ground), while Pangalos awarded himself the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer. Pangalos declared himself dictator on 3 January 1926 and had himself elected president in April 1926. On the economic front Pangalos attempted to devalue the currency by ordering paper notes cut in half. His political and diplomatic inability however became soon apparent. He conceded too many rights to Yugoslav commerce in Thessaloniki, but worst of all, he embroiled Greece in the so-called War of the Stray Dog, harming Greece's already strained international relations.

Soon, many of the officers that had helped him come to power decided that he had to be removed. On 24 August, 1926, a counter-coup deposed him, and Pavlos Kountouriotis returned as president.

After his rule

In 1930, Pangalos was sent to prison for a building scandal. He remained in prison for two years and was released during a period when a number of amnesties were given by Venizélos. He never regained the popular support he had before the coup, and never again played a role in Greek politics. He was accused of collaboration with the Germans in Italians in World War II, but these claims were never substantiated. He unsuccessfully ran for parliament in 1950 and died in Athens two years later.

His grandson, also named Theodoros Pangalos, is currently a member of the Greek parliament and a former minister of Foreign Affairs. He is a member of the PASOK socialist party.

Preceded by
Andreas Michalakopoulos		Prime Minister of Greece
June 25, 1925 - July 19, 1926		Succeeded by
Athanasios Eftaxias
Preceded by
Pavlos Kountouriotis		President of Greece
March 15, 1926 - August 24, 1926		Succeeded by
Pavlos Kountouriotis
  •  • [ e] Heads of State of Greece
First Hellenic Republic (1827–1832): Ioannis Kapodistrias | Augustinos Kapodistrias | Governing Council
First Period of Monarchy (1832–1924): Otto | George I | Constantine I | Alexander | Constantine I | George II
Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935): Pavlos Kountouriotis | Theodoros Pangalos† | Pavlos Kountouriotis | Alexandros Zaimis
Second Period of Monarchy (1935–1974): George II | Paul | Constantine II
During the 1967-1974 junta, Greece was de facto led by: Georgios Zoitakis† | Georgios Papadopoulos† | Phaedon Gizikis
Third Hellenic Republic (1974–): Phaedon Gizikis | Michail Stasinopoulos | Konstantinos Tsatsos | Constantine Karamanlis | Ioannis Alevras | Christos Sartzetakis | Constantine Karamanlis | Costis Stephanopoulos | Karolos Papoulias
†denotes military dictator
  •  • [ e] Heads of Government of Greece
First Hellenic Republic
(1822-1832)
 Alexander Mavrocordatos | Athanasios Kanakaris | Petros Mavromichalis | Georgios Kountouriotis | Andreas Zaimis | Ioannis Capodistrias | Augustinos Kapodistrias 
Kingdom of Greece
(1832-1924)
 Spyridon Trikoupis | Alexander Mavrocordatos | Ioannis Kolettis | Josef Ludwig von Armansperg | Ignaz von Rundhart | King Otto | Alexander Mavrocordatos | King Otto | Andreas Metaxas | Constantine Kanaris | Alexander Mavrocordatos | Ioannis Kolettis | Kitsos Tzavelas | Georgios Kountouriotis | Constantine Kanaris | Antonios Kriezis | Constantine Kanaris | Alexander Mavrocordatos | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Athanasios Miaoulis | Gennaios Kolokotronis | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Aristidis Moraitinis | Zinovios Valvis | Diomidis Kiriakos | Benizelos Rouphos | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Constantine Kanaris | Zinovios Valvis | Constantine Kanaris | Benizelos Rouphos | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Epameinontas Deligeorgis | Benizelos Rouphos | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Aristidis Moraitinis | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Thrasivoulos Zaimis | Epameinontas Deligeorgis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Thrasivoulos Zaimis | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Epameinontas Deligeorgis | Dimitrios Voulgaris | Charilaos Trikoupis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Epameinontas Deligeorgis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Epameinontas Deligeorgis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Constantine Kanaris | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Charilaos Trikoupis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Charilaos Trikoupis | Alexandros Koumoundouros | Charilaos Trikoupis | Theodoros Deligiannis | Dimitrios Valvis | Charilaos Trikoupis | Theodoros Deligiannis | Konstantinos Konstantopoulos | Charilaos Trikoupis | Sotirios Sotiropoulos | Charilaos Trikoupis | Nikolaos Deligiannis | Theodoros Deligiannis | Dimitrios Rallis | Alexandros Zaimis | Georgios Theotokis | Alexandros Zaimis | Theodoros Deligiannis | Georgios Theotokis | Dimitrios Rallis | Georgios Theotokis | Theodoros Deligiannis | Dimitrios Rallis | Georgios Theotokis | Dimitrios Rallis | Kiriakoulis Mavromichalis | Stephanos Dragoumis | Eleftherios Venizelos | Dimitrios Gounaris | Eleftherios Venizelos | Alexandros Zaimis | Stephanos Skouloudis | Alexandros Zaimis | Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos | †Eleftherios Venizelos | Spyridon Lambros | Alexandros Zaimis | Eleftherios Venizelos | Dimitrios Rallis | Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos | Dimitrios Gounaris | Nikolaos Stratos | Petros Protopapadakis | Nikolaos Triantaphillakos | Anastasios Charalambis | Sotirios Krokidas | Stylianos Gonatas | Eleftherios Venizelos | Georgios Kafantaris 
Second Hellenic Republic
(1924-1935)
 Alexandros Papanastasiou | Themistoklis Sophoulis | Andreas Michalakopoulos | Theodoros Pangalos | Athanasios Eftaxias | Georgios Kondylis | Alexandros Zaimis | Eleftherios Venizelos | Alexandros Papanastasiou | Eleftherios Venizelos | Panagis Tsaldaris | Eleftherios Venizelos | Alexandros Othonaios | Panagis Tsaldaris | Georgios Kondylis 
Kingdom of Greece
(1935-1967/74)
 Konstantinos Demertzis | Ioannis Metaxas | Alexandros Koryzis | †Emmanouil Tsouderos | ^Georgios Tsolakoglu | ^Konstantinos Logothetopoulos | ^Ioannis Rallis | †Evripidis Bakirtzis | †Sophoklis Venizelos | †Alexandros Svolos | †George Papandreou | Nikolaos Plastiras | Petros Voulgaris | Archbishop Damaskinos | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos | Themistoklis Sophoulis | Panagiotis Poulitsas | Konstantinos Tsaldaris | Dimitrios Maximos | Konstantinos Tsaldaris | Themistoklis Sophoulis | †Markos Vafiadis | †Nikolaos Zachariadis | †Dimitrios Partsalidis | Alexandros Diomidis | Ioannis Theotokis | Sophoklis Venizelos | Nikolaos Plastiras | Sophoklis Venizelos | Nikolaos Plastiras | Dimitrios Kiousopoulos | Alexander Papagos | Constantine Karamanlis | Konstantinos Georgakopoulos | Constantine Karamanlis | Konstantinos Dovas | Constantine Karamanlis | Panagiotis Pipinelis | Stylianos Mavromichalis | George Papandreou | Ioannis Paraskevopoulos | George Papandreou | Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas | Ilias Tsirimokos | Stephanos Stephanopoulos | Ioannis Paraskevopoulos | Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 
Military Junta
(1967-1974)
 Konstantinos Kollias | Georgios Papadopoulos | Spyros Markezinis | Adamantios Androutsopoulos 
Third Hellenic Republic
(1974-)
 Constantine Karamanlis | George Rallis | Andreas Papandreou | Tzannis Tzannetakis | Yiannis Grivas | Xenophon Zolotas | Constantine Mitsotakis | Andreas Papandreou | Costas Simitis | Kostas Karamanlis
denotes head of a military government
† denotes head of a rival government not controlling Athens
^ denotes head of government during the Axis Occupation
Greek}}} 
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Official language of:  Greece
 Cyprus
 European Union
recognised as minority language in parts of:
 European Union
 Italy
 Turkey
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Motto
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Salamina
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Coordinates: Coordinates:
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Elefthérios Kyriakos Venizélos (Greek: Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος) (23 August 1864–18 March 1936), also called Eleuthérios Venizélos
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Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος A', Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων
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Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, also called the War in Asia Minor, or the Greek campaign of the Turkish War of Independence, was a series of military events occurring during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I between May 1919 and
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coup d'état (IPA: [kuːdeɪˈtɑː] or AHD: [ko͞o"dā tä]), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment —
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Nikolaos Plastiras (Greek: Νικόλαος Πλαστήρας) (November 4, 1883 - July 26, 1953) was a general of the Greek army. He is known as "O Mavros Kavalaris" ("The Black Horseman").
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The history of the Hellenic Republic constitutes three discrete periods in modern Greek History: 1822 - 1832, 1924 - 1935 and 1974 - present.

The First Hellenic Republic

The First Hellenic Republic
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On August 27, 1922 Turkish forces entered Smyrni in Asia Minor, which had been occupied by the Greek army. The Greek Army and the residents of Asia Minor had fled to the Smyni seeking transport to Athens to escape the Turkish army.
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Motto
Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh
Peace at Home, Peace in the World
Anthem
İstiklâl Marşı
The Anthem of Independence
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Lausanne (pronounced [loˈzan]) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman
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Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres signed by the Ottoman Empire as the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of
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The Order of the Redeemer (Greek: Τάγμα του Σωτήρος) is an Order (decoration) of Greece.
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A dictator is an autoritarian, often totalitarian ruler (e.g. absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole power over his state, though the term is normally not applied to those who aquire such position by regular constitutional means, such as a hereditary absolute monarch,
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