Information about Telenet
Telenet was a packet switched network which went into service in 1975. It was the first publicly available commercial packet-switched network service. [1]
The original founding company, Telenet Inc. was established by Larry Roberts (former head of the ARPANet), and Barry Wessler. GTE acquired Telenet in 1979.[2] It was later acquired by Sprint and called "Sprintnet." Sprint migrated customers off of Telenet to the modern-day SprintLink IP network, one of many networks comprising today's Internet. Telenet had its first offices in downtown Washington DC, then moved to McLean, Virginia. It was acquired by GTE while in McLean, and then moved offices in Reston, Virginia.
Under the various names, the company operated a public network, and also sold its packet switching equipment to other carriers and to large enterprise networks.
Most interswitch lines ran at 56 kbit/s, with a few, such as New York-Washington, at T1 (i.e., 1.544 Mbit/s). The main internal protocol was a proprietary variant on X.75; Telenet also ran standard X.75 gateways to other packet switching networks.
Originally, the switching tables could not be altered separately from the main executable code, and topology updates had to be made by deliberately crashing the switch code and forcing a reboot from the network management center. Improvements in the software allowed new tables to be loaded, but the network never used dynamic routing protocols. Multiple static routes, on a switch-by-switch basis, could be defined for fault tolerance. Network management functions continued to run on Prime minicomputers.
Its X.25 host interface was the first in the industry and Telenet helped standardize X.25 in the CCITT.
Cities accessible by PC Pursuit
The original founding company, Telenet Inc. was established by Larry Roberts (former head of the ARPANet), and Barry Wessler. GTE acquired Telenet in 1979.[2] It was later acquired by Sprint and called "Sprintnet." Sprint migrated customers off of Telenet to the modern-day SprintLink IP network, one of many networks comprising today's Internet. Telenet had its first offices in downtown Washington DC, then moved to McLean, Virginia. It was acquired by GTE while in McLean, and then moved offices in Reston, Virginia.
Under the various names, the company operated a public network, and also sold its packet switching equipment to other carriers and to large enterprise networks.
Coverage
Originally, the public network had switching nodes in seven US cities: [3]- Washington, D.C. (network operations center as well as switching)
- Boston, MA
- New York, NY
- Chicago, IL
- Dallas, TX
- San Francisco, CA
- Los Angeles, CA
Internal Network Technology
The initial network used statically-defined hop-by-hop routing, using Prime commercial minicomputers as switches, but then migrated to a purpose-built multiprocessing switch based on 6502 microprocessors. Among the innovations of this second-generation switch was a patented arbitrated bus interface that created a switching fabric, a shared bus in modern terms, among the microprocessors [4].Most interswitch lines ran at 56 kbit/s, with a few, such as New York-Washington, at T1 (i.e., 1.544 Mbit/s). The main internal protocol was a proprietary variant on X.75; Telenet also ran standard X.75 gateways to other packet switching networks.
Originally, the switching tables could not be altered separately from the main executable code, and topology updates had to be made by deliberately crashing the switch code and forcing a reboot from the network management center. Improvements in the software allowed new tables to be loaded, but the network never used dynamic routing protocols. Multiple static routes, on a switch-by-switch basis, could be defined for fault tolerance. Network management functions continued to run on Prime minicomputers.
Its X.25 host interface was the first in the industry and Telenet helped standardize X.25 in the CCITT.
Accessing the Network
Basic Asynchronous Access
Users could use modems on the Public Switched Telephone Network to dial TAC ports, calling either from "dumb" terminals or from computers emulating such terminals. Organizations with a large number of local terminals could install a TAC on their own site, which used a dedicated line, at up to 56 kbit/s, to connect to a switch at the nearest Telenet location. Dialup modems supported had a maximum speed of 1200 bit/s, and later 4800 bit/s.Computer Access
Computers supporting the X.25 protocol could connect directly to switching centers. These connections ranged from 2.4 to 56 kbit/s.Other Access Protocols
Telenet supported remote concentrators for IBM 3270 family intelligent terminals, which communicated, via X.25, to Telenet-written software that ran in IBM 370x series front-end processors.PC Pursuit
In the late 1980s, Telenet offered a service called PC Pursuit. For a flat monthly fee, customers could dial into the Telenet network in one city, then dial out on the modems in another city to access bulletin board systems and other services. PC Pursuit was popular among computer hobbyists because it sidestepped long-distance charges. In this sense, PC Pursuit was a forerunner of Voice over IP services.Cities accessible by PC Pursuit
| City Code | Area Code(s) | City |
|---|---|---|
| AZPHO | 602 | Phoenix, Arizona |
| CAGLE | 818 | Glendale, California |
| CALAN | 213 | Los Angeles, California |
| CODEN | 303 | Denver, Colorado |
| CTHAR | 203 | Hartford, Connecticut |
| FLMIA | 305 | Miami, Florida |
| GAATL | 404 | Atlanta, Georgia |
| ILCHI | 312, 815 | Chicago, Illinois |
| MABOS | 617 | Boston, Massachusetts |
| MIDET | 313 | Detroit, Michigan |
| MNMIN | 612 | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| NCRTP | 919 | Research Triangle Park, North Carolina |
| NJNEW | 201 | Newark, New Jersey |
| NYNYO | 212, 718 | New York City |
| OHCLV | 216 | Cleveland, Ohio |
| ORPOR | 503 | Portland, Oregon |
| PAPHI | 215 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| TXDAL | 214, 817 | Dallas, Texas |
| TXHOU | 713 | Houston, Texas |
| WIMIL | 414 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
References
1. ^ Stephen Segaller, NERDS 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet, p. 115 (TV Books Publisher 1998)
2. ^ Cybertelecom :: Industry :: Genuity
3. ^ Telenet inaugurates service,ACM Computer Communications Review,Stuart L. Mathison, 1975
4. ^ Byars, SJ & WN Carr (31 January), Patent Bus Interface, US Patent and Trademark Office, <[1] (retrieved on 2007-09-18)
2. ^ Cybertelecom :: Industry :: Genuity
3. ^ Telenet inaugurates service,ACM Computer Communications Review,Stuart L. Mathison, 1975
4. ^ Byars, SJ & WN Carr (31 January), Patent Bus Interface, US Patent and Trademark Office, <[1] (retrieved on 2007-09-18)
Lawrence G. Roberts (born 1937) has been described as one of the four persons most closely associated with the birth of the Internet, the other three being Leonard Kleinrock, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf. He was chairman and CTO of Caspian Networks, but left in early 2004.
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The ARPANET, developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the global Internet.
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GTE Corporation
Defunct
Founded 1918
Headquarters Irving, Texas, USA
Industry Communications Services
Products Internet access, Local wireline and wireless telecommunication services
Website www.verizon.
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Defunct
Founded 1918
Headquarters Irving, Texas, USA
Industry Communications Services
Products Internet access, Local wireline and wireless telecommunication services
Website www.verizon.
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Internet protocol may refer to:
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- The Internet Protocol, a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork
- The Internet protocol suite, a set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs
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Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government
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X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for connection to packet switched wide area networks using leased lines, the phone or ISDN system as the networking hardware. It was developed before the OSI Reference Model or the equivalent Network Access Layer of the DoD protocol model,
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The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the world's public IP-based packet-switched networks.
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Bulletin board system, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to dial into the system over a phone line (or Telnet) and, using a terminal program, perform functions such as downloading software and data, uploading data, reading news, and exchanging
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Voice over Internet Protocol, also called VoIP, IP Telephony, Internet telephony, Broadband telephony, Broadband Phone and Voice over Broadband is the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any other IP-based network.
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telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating telephone number ranges to countries, regions, areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks such as mobile phone networks.
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area code 602 is a state of Arizona telephone area code which was one of the original area codes established in October, 1947. It originally covered the entire state, but in the 1990s, it was split due to huge population gains, mainly in the greater Phoenix area.
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City of Phoenix, Arizona
Downtown Phoenix
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Nickname: Valley of the Sun
Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona
Coordinates:
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Downtown Phoenix
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Nickname: Valley of the Sun
Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona
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Area code 818 is a California telephone area code consisting largely of the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. It covers roughly 2 million people.
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History
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Glendale, California
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Nickname: The Jewel City
Location of Glendale within Los Angeles County and the State of California.
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Nickname: The Jewel City
Location of Glendale within Los Angeles County and the State of California.
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area code 213 is a California telephone area code which was one of the first three area codes created in California in October 1947. It originally contained all of Southern California and was generally associated with Los Angeles.
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City of Los Angeles
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Nickname: The City of Angels, L.A.
Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California
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Nickname: The City of Angels, L.A.
Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California
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Area codes 303 and 720 are telephone area codes serving the state of Colorado. They cover Boulder, Longmont, Aurora, Denver and other areas in central Colorado. Area code 303 is overlayed with Area code 720, meaning that the same physical service area is served by both area codes
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City and County of Denver
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Nickname: The Mile-High City
Location of Denver in Colorado
Location of Colorado in the United States
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Nickname: The Mile-High City
Location of Denver in Colorado
Location of Colorado in the United States
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Area code 203 is a telephone area code that covers the southwestern part of Connecticut. The area code stretches from the New York border past the city of New Haven and ends just south of Hartford.
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Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford's downtown seen from across the Connecticut River
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Nickname: The Insurance Capital of the World
Location in Hartford County, Connecticut
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Hartford's downtown seen from across the Connecticut River
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Nickname: The Insurance Capital of the World
Location in Hartford County, Connecticut
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Area code 305 was the single original area code in the state of Florida, and still currently serves all of Miami-Dade County and the part of Monroe County that is in the Florida Keys.
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Miami, Florida
Miami's downtown skyline
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Nickname: The Magic City
Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida
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Miami's downtown skyline
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Nickname: The Magic City
Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida
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Area code 404 covers Atlanta and its immediate neighbors, roughly within Interstate 285.
Originally, it covered all of Georgia when the area code system was first created in the 1940s. Area code 912 was later assigned to southern and much of central Georgia.
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Originally, it covered all of Georgia when the area code system was first created in the 1940s. Area code 912 was later assigned to southern and much of central Georgia.
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Atlanta, Georgia
Downtown Atlanta
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Nickname: Hotlanta,[1] The A-T-L[1]
Location in Fulton and DeKalb counties and the state of Georgia
Coordinates:
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Downtown Atlanta
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Nickname: Hotlanta,[1] The A-T-L[1]
Location in Fulton and DeKalb counties and the state of Georgia
Coordinates:
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Area code 312 encompasses the Chicago Loop and surrounding areas in Chicago, Illinois. It is roughly bounded by Armitage Avenue on the north, Western Avenue on the west, and 35th Street on the south.
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Area code 815 is a telephone area code for the northwestern corner and southern Chicago suburbs of the state of Illinois. An overlay area code 779 was implemented on March 17 of 2007.
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City of Chicago
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Nickname: "The Windy City", "The Second City", "ChiTown", "Hog Butcher for the World", "City of the Big Shoulders", "The City That Works"
Motto: "Urbs in Horto
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Nickname: "The Windy City", "The Second City", "ChiTown", "Hog Butcher for the World", "City of the Big Shoulders", "The City That Works"
Motto: "Urbs in Horto
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Area code 617
All Massachusetts area codes
Location
Location of area code 617
Statistics
Created 1947
LATA Code 128
Overlays Area code 857
Major Cities Boston
Cambridge
Regions Boston Metro Area
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
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All Massachusetts area codes
Location
Location of area code 617
Statistics
Created 1947
LATA Code 128
Overlays Area code 857
Major Cities Boston
Cambridge
Regions Boston Metro Area
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
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Boston, Massachusetts
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Nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe), The Cradle of Liberty, City on the Hill, Athens of America
Location in Suffolk County in Massachusetts, USA
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Nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe), The Cradle of Liberty, City on the Hill, Athens of America
Location in Suffolk County in Massachusetts, USA
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Area code 313 is the telephone area code serving the city of Detroit, Michigan, and some of the city's innermost suburbs. Until December 1, 1993 it served the entire Metro Detroit region plus nearby Flint and the southern part of Michigan's "Thumb", but explosive demand for new
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