Systemic Circulation

Information about Systemic Circulation

Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with pulmonary circulation.

Course

In the systemic circulation, arteries bring oxygenated blood to the tissues. As blood circulates through the body, oxygen diffuses from the blood into cells surrounding the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the capillary cells. Veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Arteries

See also: Arterial tree

Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, through the aortic semi-lunar valve. The first part of the systemic circulation is the artery aorta, a massive and thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives off major arteries to the upper body before piercing the diaphragm in order to supply the lower parts of the body with its various branches.

Capillaries

Blood passes from arteries to capillaries, which are the thinnest and most numerous of the blood vessels. These capillaries help to join tissue with arterioles for transportation of nutrition to the cells, which absorb oxygen and nutrients in the blood. Peripheral tissues do not fully deoxygenate the blood, so venous blood does have oxygen, but in a lower concentration than in arterial blood. In addition, carbon dioxide and wastes are added.

Venules

The deoxygenated blood is then collected by venules, from where it flows first into veins, and then into the inferior and superior venae cavae, which return it to the right heart, completing the systemic cycle. The blood is then re-oxygenated through the pulmonary circulation before returning again to the systemic circulation.

Veins

The relatively de-oxygenated blood collects in the venous system which coalesces into two major veins: the superior vena cava (roughly speaking from areas above the heart) and the inferior vena cava (roughly speaking from areas below the heart). These two great vessels exit the systemic circulation by emptying into the right atrium of the heart. The coronary sinus empties the heart's veins themselves into the right atrium.

Advantage

Because the systemic circulation is powered by the left ventricle (which is very muscular), one advantage of this form of circulation - as opposed to open circulation, or the gill system that fishes use to breathe - is that there is simultaneous high-pressure oxygenated blood delivered to all parts of the body.

• • [ e] Arteries of head and neck
CC, EC: Anterior	superior thyroid (superior laryngeal) - lingual (sublingual) facial: cervical branches (ascending palatine - tonsillar - submental - glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial - superior labial - lateral nasal - angular)
EC: Posterior and ascending	occipital - posterior auricular (stylomastoid) - ascending pharyngeal (meningeal branches)
EC: Terminal, superficial temporal	transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomaticorbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal
EC: Terminal, maxillary	1st part: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mylohyoid) 2nd part: deep temporal - pterygoid branches - masseteric - buccal 3rd part: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine
CC, IC: portions #1 and 2	cervical portion - petrous portion (Vidian, caroticotympanic)
IC: cavernous portion/ophthalmic	orbital group: lacrimal - supraorbital - posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal - medial palpebral - supratrochlear - dorsal nasal ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - superior hypophysial - inferior hypophyseal
IC: cerebral portion	ACA - anterior communicating - MCA (anterolateral central) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal - circle of Willis
SUBCLAVIAN: vertebral	meningeal branches - posterior spinal - anterior spinal - PICA - basilar (pontine - labyrinthine - AICA - SCA - PCA)
SUBCLAVIAN: thyrocervical	inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal, tracheal, esophageal, ascending cervical) - suprascapular - transverse cervical - dorsal scapular

• • [ e] Arteries of upper limbs
Axillary	scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex
Brachial	profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - superior ulnar collateral - inferior ulnar collateral
Radial	forearm: radial recurrent - palmar carpal branch - superficial palmar branch wrist: dorsal carpal branch (dorsal carpal arch, dorsal metacarpal, dorsal digital) hand: princeps pollicis - radial of index finger - deep palmar arch (palmar metacarpal)
Ulnar	forearm: anterior ulnar recurrent - posterior ulnar recurrent - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist: palmar carpal branch - dorsal carpal branch hand: superficial palmar arch (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep palmar branch - palmar carpal arch

• • [ e] Arteries of torso - chest
Pulmonary/ coronary	right coronary (sinuatrial nodal, atrioventricular nodal, atrial, right marginal, posterior interventricular) - left coronary (anterior interventricular, left circumflex, left marginal)
Ascending aorta	aortic arch - brachiocephalic (thyreoidea ima) - common carotid
Subclavian	internal thoracic: anterior intercostal - pericardiacophrenic - terminal (musculophrenic, superior epigastric) costocervical trunk: highest intercostal, deep cervical
Descending / thoracic aorta	bronchial - esophageal - posterior intercostal - subcostal

• • [ e]

Arteries of torso - abdomen

ABDOMINAL AORTA:
Anterior

celiac	left gastric – splenic: pancreatic branches (arteria pancreatica magna) – short gastric – left gastro-omental – common hepatic: proper hepatic (cystic), right gastric, gastroduodenal (right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal)
superior mesenteric	inferior pancreaticoduodenal – intestinal – ileocolic (appendicular) – right colic – middle colic
inferior mesenteric	left colic – sigmoid – superior rectal – marginal

ABDOMINAL AORTA:
Posterior

Visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal) – testicular/ovarian
Parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral
Terminal branches: common iliac

INTERNAL ILIAC:
Anterior

umbilical (superior vesical, to ductus deferens) – inferior vesical – middle rectal – uterine (azygos of the vagina) – vaginal – obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) – internal pudendal (inferior rectal, perineal, artery of the urethral bulb, urethral, deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery of the penis) – inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis)

INTERNAL ILIAC:
Posterior

iliolumbar – lateral sacral – superior gluteal

EXTERNAL ILIAC

inferior epigastric (cremasteric) – deep circumflex iliac

• • [ e] Arteries of lower limbs
EI: Femoral	superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex - superficial external pudendal - deep external pudendal - profunda femoris (lateral circumflex femoral - medial circumflex femoral - perforating) - descending genicular
Popliteal	anterior tibial - sural - superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Anterior Tibial	dorsalis pedis - posterior tibial recurrent - anterior tibial recurrent - anterior medial malleolar - anterior lateral malleolar
Dorsalis Pedis	lateral tarsal - medial tarsal - arcuate - dorsal metatarsal - first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar
Posterior Tibial	circumflex fibular - fibular - medial plantar - lateral plantar - plantar arch - plantar metatarsal

Circulatory System is a psychedelic rock musical ensemble formed by musician/painter Will Cullen Hart, and featuring Hannah Jones, Derek Almstead, Peter Erchick, John Fernandes, and Heather McIntosh.
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol⁻¹
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol⁻¹
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol⁻¹

Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Blood is a specialized biological fluid consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma.
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body is the integral physical material of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death. The study of the workings of the body is physiology.
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Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
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Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.^[1] All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood.

The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.
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In anatomy, arterial tree is used to refer to all arteries and/or the branching pattern of the arteries. This article regards the human arterial tree. Starting from the aorta:

Ascending aorta

(Branches to right coronary artery and left coronary artery.
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The left ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve.
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The aorta (generally pronounced [eɪˈɔːtə] or "ay-orta") is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation.
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capillary is used to describe any very narrow tube or channel through which a fluid can pass. See capillary action for details.

Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels, measuring 5-10 μm, which connect arterioles and venules, and are
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A venule is a small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins.
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The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the heart.

It is posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along side of the vertebral column on its right side (i.e. it is a retroperitoneal structure).
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The superior vena cava is a large, yet short vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium.

It is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic veins, (also referred to as the innominate veins) which receive blood from the
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The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return de-oxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium.
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Right heart is a term used to refer collectively to the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to reference the right atrium, right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk collectively.
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The right atrium (in older texts termed the "right auricle") is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) in the human heart. It receives de-oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through
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heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in the annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.
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The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals.
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An arteriole is a small diameter blood vessel that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.

Arterioles have thin muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle) and are the primary site of vascular resistance^[1].
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