Information about Symbion
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Symbion is a genus of peculiar microscopic animals, with no obvious close relatives, and which was therefore given its own phylum, called Cycliophora.
Symbion was discovered in 1995 by Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch on the mouthparts of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), and other, related, species have since been discovered on the American lobster (Homarus americanus, host to Symbion americanus) and the European lobster (Homarus gammarus, host to an as yet un-named species of Symbion). The genus is so named because of its commensal relationship with the lobster (a form of symbiosis) -- it feeds on the leftovers from the lobster's own feeding.
The phylogenetic position of Symbion remains unclear: originally the phyla Ectoprocta and Entoprocta were considered possible relatives of Symbion, based on structural similarities. However, genetic studies suggest that Symbion may be more closely related to Gnathifera.
Physical Description
Symbion pandora has a bilateral, sac-like body with no coelom. There are three basic life stages:- Asexual Feeding Stage - At this stage, S. pandora is neither male nor female. It has a length of 347 μm and a width of 113 μm. On the posterior end of the sac-like body is a stalk with an adhesive disc, which attaches itself to the host. On the anterior end is a ciliated funnel (mouth) and an anus.
- Male - S. pandora has a length of 84 μm and a width of 42 μm during this stage. It has no mouth or anus, which signifies the absence of a digestive system. It also has two reproductive organs.
- Female - S. pandora is the same size as the male in this stage. It does, however, have a digestive system which collapses and reconstitutes itself as a larva. (Funch & Kristensen, 1995)
Reproduction
Symbion can reproduce both asexually by budding and sexually. In sexual reproduction the male attaches to a feeding stage and impregnates a budding female. The female then separates from the feeding stage and attaches herself to another host, where the larva in her develops. The female dies, and the larva escapes.External links
References
- P. Funch & R. M. Christensen (1995). Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378: 711–714. doi:10.1038/378711a0.
- M. Obst, P. Funch & G. Giribet (2005). Hidden diversity and host specificity in cycliophorans: a phylogeographic analysis along the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Molecular Ecology 14: 4427–4440. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02752.x.
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Eumetazoa
Butschli, 1910
subgroups
Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges.
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Butschli, 1910
subgroups
- Placozoa
- Radiata
- Bilateria
Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges.
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Bilateria
Hatschek, 1888
Subgroups
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Hatschek, 1888
Subgroups
- Deuterostomia
- Echinodermata (20,000 species)
- Hemichordata (71 species)
- Chordata (63,000 species)
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Platyzoa
Cavalier-Smith, 1998
Phyla
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Cavalier-Smith, 1998
Phyla
- Platyhelminthes
- Gastrotricha
- Gnathifera
- Rotifera
- Acanthocephala
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Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen (born 1948) is a Danish invertebrate biologist, noted for the discovery of three new phyla of microscopic animals: the Loricifera in 1983, the Cycliophora in 1995, and the Micrognathozoa in 2000.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
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1992 1993 1994 - 1995 - 1996 1997 1998
Year 1995 (MCMXCV
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Year 1995 (MCMXCV
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species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
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phylum (Greek Φῦλον plural: Φῦλα phyla) is a taxon in the rank below kingdom and above class.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
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Year 1995 (MCMXCV
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1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1992 1993 1994 - 1995 - 1996 1997 1998
Year 1995 (MCMXCV
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Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen (born 1948) is a Danish invertebrate biologist, noted for the discovery of three new phyla of microscopic animals: the Loricifera in 1983, the Cycliophora in 1995, and the Micrognathozoa in 2000.
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Nephrops[1]
Leach, 1814
Species: N. norvegicus
Binomial name
Nephrops norvegicus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
The Norway lobster
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Leach, 1814
Species: N. norvegicus
Binomial name
Nephrops norvegicus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
The Norway lobster
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H. americanus
Binomial name
Homarus americanus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America.
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Binomial name
Homarus americanus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America.
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H. gammarus
Binomial name
Homarus gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758
Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775
Astacus gammarus Pennant, 1777
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Binomial name
Homarus gammarus
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758
Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775
Astacus gammarus Pennant, 1777
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Commensalism is a term employed in ecology to describe a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal
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symbiosis (from the Greek: συμ, sym, "with"; and βίοσίς, biosis, "living") can be used to describe various degrees of close relationship between organisms of different species.
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Bryozoa
Classes
Stenolaemata
Gymnolaemata
Phylactolaemata
Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate, superficially similar to coral.
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Classes
Stenolaemata
Gymnolaemata
Phylactolaemata
Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate, superficially similar to coral.
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Entoprocta
Nitsche, 1869
Orders
Barentsiidae (Urnatellidae)
Loxokalypodidae
Loxosomatidae
Pedicellinidae
Entoprocta (Gr. entos inside + proktos anus) is a phylum of small aquatic animals, ranging in size from 0.
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Nitsche, 1869
Orders
Barentsiidae (Urnatellidae)
Loxokalypodidae
Loxosomatidae
Pedicellinidae
Entoprocta (Gr. entos inside + proktos anus) is a phylum of small aquatic animals, ranging in size from 0.
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Gnathifera may refer to:
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- a superphylum of Platyzoa (Gnathifera Ahlrichs, 1995)
- a genus of moths (Gnathifera Gaedike, 1978)
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body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space, located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis) and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop.
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1 micrometre =
SI units
010−6 m 010−3 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−6 ft 010−6 in
A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer; symbol µmSI units
010−6 m 010−3 mm
US customary / Imperial units
010−6 ft 010−6 in
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The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (intestines), rectum, and anus.
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larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians).
The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly.
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The larva can look completely different from the adult form, for example, a caterpillar differs from a butterfly.
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Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization. Asexual reproduction only takes one parent. A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which refers to reproduction without the fusion of gametes.
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Budding is the formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism. This is very common in plants and fungi, but may be found in animal organisms, such as the hydra, as well.
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Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. Although most scientific journals are now highly specialized, Nature is one of the few journals, along with other weekly journals such as Science and
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digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique identifying number that can be used by anyone to locate details of the paper, and
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Molecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and genomics to traditional ecological questions (e.g.
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