Information about Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a field of engineering that deals with the design of a structural system(s) with the purpose of supporting and resisting various loads. Though other disciplines touch on this field, a physical object or system is truly considered a part of structural engineering, regardless of its central scientific or industrial application, if its main function is designed to resist loads and dissipate energy.
A structural engineer is most commonly involved in the design of buildings and nonbuilding structures, but also plays an essential role in designing machinery where structural integrity of the design item impacts safety and reliability. Large man-made objects, from furniture to medical equipment to a variety of vehicles, require the input of a structural engineer.
Structural engineers ensure that their designs satisfy a given "design intent", predicated on safety (e.g. structures do not collapse without due warning), on serviceability (e.g. floor vibration and building sway do not result in discomfort for the occupants). Structural engineers are responsible for making efficient use of funds and materials to achieve these goals. Entry-level structural engineers may design simple beams, columns, and floors of a new building, including calculating the loads on each member and the load capacity of building materials such as (steel, timber, masonry, and concrete). More experienced engineers would render more complex structures, often calculating the physics of moisture, heat and energy as they relate to building components.
In the United States, the structural engineering field is often subdivided into bridge engineering and building engineering. Structural engineers often further specialize into special structural manufacturing or construction, such as pipeline engineering or industrial structures.
Structural loads on structures are generally classified as live loads and dead loads. Live loads are the weight of a building's occupants and furniture, the forces/weights of wind and water, and seismic activity. Dead loads are the weight of the structure itself and all major architectural components, as well as roof loads experienced only during construction. The limiting design criteria include forces of nature such as winds, earthquakes and tsunamis. In recent years, reinforcing structures against terrorism has also taken on increased importance. Buildings are now designed with anti plane protection, which limit the number of plane crashes into buildings via the means of a nightwatchman; whos job is to blind the pilot in case of collision so that the optimal crash doesnt take place.
Here is an outline of developments in Structural Engineering since 1500 A.D. :
- By the 16th/17th centuries, an introduction of ‘Two New Sciences’ by Galileo established the scientific approach for structural engineering. This is also regarded as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures.
- Late 19th and early 20th centuries, structural engineering undergoes a tremendous development. In 1868, reinforced concrete was developed by Joseph Monier to strengthen cement material that was considered to be too brittle. Russian structural engineer Vladimir Shukhov developed many new analysis methods in structural engineering which led to new industrial designs such as the hyperboloid structure, tensile structure and others.
- In 1889, the cast-iron Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin, and visibly demonstrated human talent for constructing modern high-rise structures.
- Prestressed concrete, invented by Eugene Freyssinet in 1928 (and later standardized by Tung-Yen Lin) gave a novel approach in overcoming the weakness of concrete structures in tension.
- In 1930, with Professor Hardy Cross’s Moment Distribution Method, the stresses of many complex structures can be determined quickly and accurately.
Modern structural engineering’s achievements can be seen all over the world in examples such as Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Mega-Float at Tokyo Bay, Sears Tower, Golden Gate Bridge, Sydney Harbour Bridge, and the Millennium Dome.
Furniture is the collective term for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds), provide storage, or hold objects on
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Lumber or timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use — from the time trees are felled, to its
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)
A structural engineer is most commonly involved in the design of buildings and nonbuilding structures, but also plays an essential role in designing machinery where structural integrity of the design item impacts safety and reliability. Large man-made objects, from furniture to medical equipment to a variety of vehicles, require the input of a structural engineer.
Structural engineers ensure that their designs satisfy a given "design intent", predicated on safety (e.g. structures do not collapse without due warning), on serviceability (e.g. floor vibration and building sway do not result in discomfort for the occupants). Structural engineers are responsible for making efficient use of funds and materials to achieve these goals. Entry-level structural engineers may design simple beams, columns, and floors of a new building, including calculating the loads on each member and the load capacity of building materials such as (steel, timber, masonry, and concrete). More experienced engineers would render more complex structures, often calculating the physics of moisture, heat and energy as they relate to building components.
In the United States, the structural engineering field is often subdivided into bridge engineering and building engineering. Structural engineers often further specialize into special structural manufacturing or construction, such as pipeline engineering or industrial structures.
Structural loads on structures are generally classified as live loads and dead loads. Live loads are the weight of a building's occupants and furniture, the forces/weights of wind and water, and seismic activity. Dead loads are the weight of the structure itself and all major architectural components, as well as roof loads experienced only during construction. The limiting design criteria include forces of nature such as winds, earthquakes and tsunamis. In recent years, reinforcing structures against terrorism has also taken on increased importance. Buildings are now designed with anti plane protection, which limit the number of plane crashes into buildings via the means of a nightwatchman; whos job is to blind the pilot in case of collision so that the optimal crash doesnt take place.
History of Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is one of the oldest professions in the world, dating back to at least 2700 B.C. At this time, the stepped pyramid of King Djoser was built by Imhotep, who many regard as the first structural engineer. In ancient times, most of structural engineering works were carried out by other professions, such as architect, royal builder and other artisans. No actual record exists pointing to the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behavior of structural material. At that time, structures tended to be a simpler and more straightforward element compared to today's standards. Nevertheless, the desire to build higher and longer structures with larger internal spaces pushed the need to formulate improved structural configurations and materials.Here is an outline of developments in Structural Engineering since 1500 A.D. :
- By the 16th/17th centuries, an introduction of ‘Two New Sciences’ by Galileo established the scientific approach for structural engineering. This is also regarded as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures.
- Late 19th and early 20th centuries, structural engineering undergoes a tremendous development. In 1868, reinforced concrete was developed by Joseph Monier to strengthen cement material that was considered to be too brittle. Russian structural engineer Vladimir Shukhov developed many new analysis methods in structural engineering which led to new industrial designs such as the hyperboloid structure, tensile structure and others.
- In 1889, the cast-iron Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin, and visibly demonstrated human talent for constructing modern high-rise structures.
- Prestressed concrete, invented by Eugene Freyssinet in 1928 (and later standardized by Tung-Yen Lin) gave a novel approach in overcoming the weakness of concrete structures in tension.
- In 1930, with Professor Hardy Cross’s Moment Distribution Method, the stresses of many complex structures can be determined quickly and accurately.
Modern structural engineering’s achievements can be seen all over the world in examples such as Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Mega-Float at Tokyo Bay, Sears Tower, Golden Gate Bridge, Sydney Harbour Bridge, and the Millennium Dome.
Specializations
Architectural Structures- Building Engineering
- Demolish Engineering
- Façade Engineering
- Fire Protection Engineering
- Roof Engineering
- Tower Engineering
- Wind Engineering
- Bridge and Viaduct Engineering
- Earthquake Engineering
- Foundation Engineering
- Offshore Engineering
- Retaining Structures and Wall Engineering
- Pipeline Engineering
- Airframe and Fuselage Engineering
- Coachwork and Carriage Engineering
- Vessel and Hull Engineering
- Heavy Lifter and Traveler Engineering
See also
| Mechanical failure modes | |
|---|---|
| Buckling | |
| Corrosion | |
| Creep | |
| Fatigue | |
| Fracture | |
| Melting | |
| Thermal shock | |
| Wear | |
| Yielding | |
- Architects
- Architectural Engineering
- Civil Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- List of structural engineers
- Structural Engineer
- Structural failure
External links
- Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE (SEI)
- Advanced Structural Analysis
- National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA)
- List of NCSEA State Member Organizations
- IABSE International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering
- Structural Engineering International
- Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)
- Institution of Structural Engineers Structural Awards
- The Structural Engineer - The international journal of the Institution of Structural Engineers
- Structural Engineering Association - International
- Structural Engineering Association of Northern California
- Structural Engineering Association of Central California
- Structural Engineering Association of Illinois
- Structural Engineering Association of Metropolitan Washington
- The Structural Engineers of the World - A Knowledge Sharing Platform
- Structural Engineers' eBook
- The Structuralist.Net - Understanding Structural Engineering for the lay-person & building industry professional
- Database of Structural Engineering Software
- STRUCTURE magazine Monthly joint publication of NCSEA, CASE, and SEI for Structural Engineers
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Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development, also known as ECPD,[1] (later ABET [2]
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The term structural system or frame in structural engineering refers to load-resisting sub-system of a structure. Structural system transfers loads through interconnected structural components or members.
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Load may refer to:
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- Structural load, forces which are applied to a structure
- Cargo, Freight, or Lading
- The load of a mutual fund (see Mutual fund fees and expenses)
- The genetic load of a population
- The parasite load of an organism
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A structural engineer is an engineering professional who practices structural engineering. Structural engineers inspect, analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems.
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building may refer to one of the following:
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- Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or
- An act of construction.
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Nonbuilding structures, also referred to simply as structures, are those not designed for continuous human occupancy. The term is used by architects and civil engineers to distinctly identify structures that are not buildings.
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machine (derived from the latin machina) is any device that transmits or modifies . In common usage, the meaning is restricted to devices having rigid moving parts that perform or assist in performing some work.
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Furniture is the collective term for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds), provide storage, or hold objects on
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ONE: Static A weight is applied (like bricks) until the surface drops 1 mm. Hardly a dangerous deflection and one that's easily measured with a vernier gauge, or some optical device/laser.
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beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in bending (flexure). Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind).
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A column in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.
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floor is generally the lower horizontal surface of a room, and/or the supporting structure underneath it. It also commonly refers to flooring, or a wall-to-wall floor covering, which forms the decorative surface of the floor.
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Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000–10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and
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Lumber or timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use — from the time trees are felled, to its
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Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar (though the word "masonry" sometimes means the stones, rather than the act or art of building, particularly in the expression "falling masonry" used in reports of fires and earthquakes).
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Concrete is a construction material that consists of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel limestone or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand or
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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Structural loads are forces applied to a component of a structure or to the structure as a unit.
In structural design, assumed loads are specified in national and local design codes for types of structures, geographic locations, and usage.
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In structural design, assumed loads are specified in national and local design codes for types of structures, geographic locations, and usage.
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This article or section documents a scheduled or expected spaceflight. Details may change as the launch date approaches or more information becomes available.
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tsunami (IPA: /(t)sʊˈnɑːmi/) is a series of waves created when a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.
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Terrorism in the modern sense[1] is violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians for political or other ideological goals.[2]
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building may refer to one of the following:
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- Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or
- An act of construction.
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Joseph Monier (November 8, 1823, Saint-Quentin-de-Poterie, France—March 13, 1906, Paris) was a French gardener and one of the principal inventors of reinforced concrete.
As a gardener, Monier was not satisfied with the materials available for making flowerpots.
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As a gardener, Monier was not satisfied with the materials available for making flowerpots.
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Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (Russian: Владимир Григорьевич Шухов), (August 28 [O.S.
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Prestressed concrete, invented by Eugène Freyssinet in 1928, is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be used to produce beams, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete.
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The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal.
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Building engineering as a discipline
Building engineering is an emerging engineering discipline, better known in the US as architectural engineering, that offers a general engineering approach to the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and maintenance of..... Click the link for more information.
This article contains information about a scheduled or expected .
The content may change as the album release approaches and more information becomes available.
DEMolish
Studio album by Dem Franchize Boyz
Released 2007
Recorded 2006-
Genre Hip Hop
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The content may change as the album release approaches and more information becomes available.
DEMolish
Studio album by Dem Franchize Boyz
Released 2007
Recorded 2006-
Genre Hip Hop
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Building facades make a major contribution to the overall aesthetic and technical performance of a building. Facade engineers work in consultancy for architects, building owners, cladding manufacturers and construction managers.
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