Information about Stockholm Convention
Stockholm Convention is an international legally binding agreement on persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
In 1995, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs, which it defined as “chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment”.
Following this, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme for Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared an assessment of the 12 worst offenders. Known as the Dirty Dozen, this list includes eight organo-chlorine pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene; two industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) group; and two groups of industrial by-products: dioxins and furans.
The negotiations for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants were completed on May 23rd 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The convention entered into force on May 17th, 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. Co-signatories agree to outlaw nine of the "dirty dozen" chemicals, limit the use of DDT to malaria control, and curtail inadvertent production of dioxins and furans. Parties to the convention have agreed to a process by which persistent toxic compounds can be reviewed and added to the convention, if they meet certain criteria for persistence and transboundary threat.
Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of DDT for the control of mosquitoes (the malaria vector).[1] [2] [3] From a developing country perspective, a lack of data and information about the sources, releases, and environmental levels of POPs, hampers negotiations on specific compounds, and indicates a strong need for research. [4]
There are currently other substances that have been proposed
Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide which is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin, a neurotoxin. Aldrin was formerly used to kill soil insects such as termites and grasshoppers to protect crops such as corn and
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In 1995, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs, which it defined as “chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment”.
Following this, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme for Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared an assessment of the 12 worst offenders. Known as the Dirty Dozen, this list includes eight organo-chlorine pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene; two industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) group; and two groups of industrial by-products: dioxins and furans.
The negotiations for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants were completed on May 23rd 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The convention entered into force on May 17th, 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. Co-signatories agree to outlaw nine of the "dirty dozen" chemicals, limit the use of DDT to malaria control, and curtail inadvertent production of dioxins and furans. Parties to the convention have agreed to a process by which persistent toxic compounds can be reviewed and added to the convention, if they meet certain criteria for persistence and transboundary threat.
Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of DDT for the control of mosquitoes (the malaria vector).[1] [2] [3] From a developing country perspective, a lack of data and information about the sources, releases, and environmental levels of POPs, hampers negotiations on specific compounds, and indicates a strong need for research. [4]
There are currently other substances that have been proposed
for adding to the protocol: hexachlorobutadiene, octaBDE, pentaBDE, pentachlorobenzene, polychlorinated naphthalenes, SCCPs, dicofol, endosulfan, and PFOS.[5]
External link
References
1. ^ Curtis, C. F. (2002) Should the use of DDT be revived for malaria vector control? Biomedica 22, 455-61.
2. ^ World Health Organisation (2005) 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention (PDF).
3. ^ Bouwman, H. (2003) [1] POPs in southern Africa. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 3O: Persistent Organic Pollutants. 297–320
4. ^ Bouwman, H. (2004)South Africa and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. South African Journal of Science. Vol 100, Issue 7 & 8, Jul / Aug, Pages: p.323-328
5. ^ UNECE: Proposals for NEW POPs
2. ^ World Health Organisation (2005) 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention (PDF).
3. ^ Bouwman, H. (2003) [1] POPs in southern Africa. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 3O: Persistent Organic Pollutants. 297–320
4. ^ Bouwman, H. (2004)South Africa and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. South African Journal of Science. Vol 100, Issue 7 & 8, Jul / Aug, Pages: p.323-328
5. ^ UNECE: Proposals for NEW POPs
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.[1]
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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.[1]
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For the astronaut, see .
Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide which is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin, a neurotoxin. Aldrin was formerly used to kill soil insects such as termites and grasshoppers to protect crops such as corn and
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Chlordane is a manufactured chemical that was used as a pesticide in the United States from 1948 to 1988. It does not occur naturally in the environment. It was sold by Chevron as a white powdery dust in combination with an emulsifier.
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''For other uses: see DDT (disambiguation).
DDT (from its trivial name, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) is one of the best known synthetic pesticides. It was originally synthesized in 1874 but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939.
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DDT (from its trivial name, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane) is one of the best known synthetic pesticides. It was originally synthesized in 1874 but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939.
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Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide. The molecule has a ring structure based on naphthalene.
Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin which itself breaks down to form dieldrin.
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Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin which itself breaks down to form dieldrin.
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Endrin is a cyclodiene insecticide used on cotton, maize, and rice. It also acts as an avicide. As a rodenticide, it is used to control mice and voles. It is a solid, cream to light tan to white, almost odorless substance. It melts and decomposes at 200 °C.
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Heptachlor is an insecticide that usually comes in the form of a white or tan powder, the tan powder being of lower purity. It is similar to insecticide chlordane. Heptachlor was widely used in the past to kill insects.
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Mirex has been listed as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutants target by EPA. It is a manufactured insecticide which is white crystalline odorless solid. It was used to control fire ants and as a flame retardant in plastic, rubber, paint, paper and electronics.
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Toxaphene is an organic insecticide with the approximate empirical formula C10H10Cl8 and average molecular mass of 414. It is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy solid, or in gas form. In 1990, it was banned for all uses in the United States.
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Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It (and its initials "HCB") is also sometimes used as a trivial name for the pesticide lindane, but its usage in that context is incorrect.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl and a general chemical formula of C12H10-xClx.
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Dioxin in its original usage denoted the organochemical heterocyclic compound with the general chemical formula C4H4O2 in which two CH groups of a benzene ring were replaced (endocyclic substitution) by oxygen atoms, of which two isomers were
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Dibenzofuran is a heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical structure shown at right. It is an aromatic compound that has two benzene rings fused to one furan ring in the middle.
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Malaria
Classification & external resources
Plasmodium falciparum ring-forms and gametocytes in human blood.
ICD-10 B 50.
ICD-9 084
OMIM 248310
DiseasesDB 7728
MedlinePlus 000621
eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357
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Classification & external resources
Plasmodium falciparum ring-forms and gametocytes in human blood.
ICD-10 B 50.
ICD-9 084
OMIM 248310
DiseasesDB 7728
MedlinePlus 000621
eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357
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MOSQUITO is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Joan Daemen and Paris Kitsos. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
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In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.
A classic example is the anopheles mosquito which acts as a vector for the disease malaria by transmitting the malarial
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A classic example is the anopheles mosquito which acts as a vector for the disease malaria by transmitting the malarial
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Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT. Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against red spider mite.
One of the intermediates used in its production is DDT.
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One of the intermediates used in its production is DDT.
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Endosulfan is a neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide of the cyclodiene family of pesticides. It is highly toxic and an endocrine disruptor, and it is banned in the European Union, the Philippines, Cambodia, and several countries.
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