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Information about Sepia Officinalis

Common Cuttlefish

Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Mollusca
Class:Cephalopoda
Order:Sepiida
Family:Sepiidae
Genus:Sepia
Subgenus:Sepia
Species:S. officinalis
Binomial name
Sepia officinalis
Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
  • Sepia rugosa
    Bowdich, 1822
  • Sepia vicellius
    Gray, 1849
  • Sepia zebrina
    Risso, 1854
  • Sepia filliouxi
    Lafont, 1869
  • ?Sepia fischeri
    Lafont, 1871
  • Sepia officinalis mediterranea
    Ninni, 1884
  • ?Sepia veranyi
    P. Fischer in Lagatu, 1888
The Common Cuttlefish or European Common Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is one of the largest and best known cuttlefish species. It grows to 49 cm in mantle length (ML) and 4 kg in weight.[1] Animals from subtropical seas are smaller and rarely exceed 30 cm in ML.[2]

The Common Cuttlefish is native to at least the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea, although subspecies have been proposed as far south as South Africa. It lives on sand and mud seabeds to a depth of around 200 m. As in most cuttlefish species, spawning occurs in shallow waters.[3]

Enlarge picture
Captive Sepia officinalis.


Known predators of S. officinalis include large fish[4] (such as monkfish),[5] whales,[4] and swordfish (Xiphias gladius).[6]

In the wild, S. officinalis is known to prey upon a wide variety of animals. These include: algae, bony fishes, copepods, crustaceans (including Astacus leptodactylus, Carcinus sp., Crangon sp., Cymodocea sp., Daphnia sp., Gammarus sp., Mugil sp., Mysis sp., Penaeus sp., Praunus sp., Sphaeroma sp., Squilla sp.), decapod cephalopods, gastropods, lamellibranches, nemerteans, octopods, ostracods, polychaetes, and pteropods.[7]

It is unknown where the type specimen was collected, as the location is given simply as "Oceano". It is deposited in the Linnean Society of London.[8]

Sepia officinalis jurujubai Oliveira, 1940, originally described as a subspecies of the Common Cuttlefish, is a junior synonym of Sepioteuthis sepioidea.[9]

Enlarge picture
S. officinalis from Turkish waters

See also

References

1. ^ Reid, A., P. Jereb, & C.F.E. Roper 2005. Family Sepiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 57–152.
2. ^ Roper C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney & C.E. Nauen 1984. Cephalopods of the world. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. Vol. 3, p. 277.
3. ^ Norman, M.D. 2000. Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks.
4. ^ Le-Mao, P. 1985. Place de la seiche Sepia officinalis (mollusque, Cephalopoda) dans les chaines alimentaires du golfe Normano-Breton. Cah. Biol. Mar. 26(3): 331-340.
5. ^ Royer, J., M.B. Santos, S.K. Cho, G. Stowasser, G.J. Pierce, H.I. Daly & J.-P. Robin. 1998. Cephalopod consumption by fish in English Channel and Scottish waters. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: The impact of Cephalopods in the Food Chain and Their Interaction with the Environment, CM/M: 23.
6. ^ Hernández-Garcia, V. 1995. The diet of the swordfish Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758, in the central east Atlantic, with emphasis on the role of cephalopods. Fishery Bulletin 93: 403-411.
7. ^ Boletzky S.v. & R.T. Hanlon. 1983. A Review of the Laboratory Maintenance, Rearing and Culture of Cephalopod Molluscs. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Biology and Resource Potential of Cephalopods, Melbourne, Australia, 9-13 March, 1981, Roper, Clyde F.E., C.C. Lu &F.G. Hochberg, ed. 44: 147-187.
8. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
9. ^ Adam, W. & W.J. Rees. 1966. A Review of the Cephalopod Family Sepiidae. John Murray Expedition 1933-34, Scientific Reports 11(1): 1-165, 46 plates.

External links

Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Mollusca
Linnaeus, 1758

Classes

Caudofoveata
Aplacophora
Polyplacophora
Monoplacophora
Bivalvia
Scaphopoda
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
† Rostroconchia
† Helcionelloida
† ?Bellerophontida
The molluscs
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Cephalopoda
Cuvier, 1797

Orders

Subclass Nautiloidea
  • †Plectronocerida
  • †Ellesmerocerida
  • †Actinocerida
  • †Pseudorthocerida
  • †Endocerida
  • †Tarphycerida
  • †Oncocerida

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Sepiida
Zittel, 1895

Suborders and Families
  • †Vasseuriina
  • †Vasseuriidae
  • †Belosepiellidae
  • Sepiina

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Sepia
Linnaeus, 1758

Subgenera

Acanthosepion
Anomalosepia
Doratosepion
Hemisepius
Rhombosepion
Sepia

Sepia
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Sepia
Linnaeus, 1758

Species

See text.

Sepia is a subgenus of cuttlefish containing around 25 recognised species.

Species

  • Sepia (Sepia) angulata *
  • Australian Giant Cuttlefish, Sepia (Sepia) apama

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binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species. The system is also called binominal nomenclature (particularly in zoological circles), binary nomenclature (particularly in botanical circles), or the binomial classification system.
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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)

Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. Usage and terminology are different for zoology and botany.

Zoology

In zoological nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names that pertain to the same taxon, for example
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Sepiida
Zittel, 1895

Suborders and Families
  • †Vasseuriina
  • †Vasseuriidae
  • †Belosepiellidae
  • Sepiina

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The mantle is an organ found in mollusks. It is the dorsal body wall covering the main body, or visceral mass. In many species, the epidermis of this organ secretes calcium carbonate to create a shell.
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Mediterranean is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an approximate area of 2.
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The North Sea is marginal, epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European continental shelf between Norway and Denmark in the east, Scotland and England in the west, and Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in the south.
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Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt.
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This article is about biological spawning. For other meanings of the word spawn, see Spawn (disambiguation)..
The word smolt also redirects here.

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Monkfish is used as an English name of distinct number of types of fish in the northwest Atlantic notably the species of the anglerfish genus Lophius and the angelshark genus Squatina.
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Xiphiidae

Genus: Xiphias

Species: X. gladius

Binomial name
Xiphias gladius
Linnaeus, 1758


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phytoplankton — provide the food base for most marine food chains. In very high densities (so-called algal blooms) these algae may discolor the water and outcompete or poison other life forms.
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Osteichthyes
Huxley, 1880

Classes

Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii

Osteichthyes (IPA: /ˌɒstiːˈɪkθiːz/) are a taxonomic superclass of fish, also called
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Copepoda
H. Milne-Edwards, 1840

Orders

Calanoida
Cyclopoida
Gelyelloida
Harpacticoida
Misophrioida
Monstrilloida
Mormonilloida
Platycopioida
Poecilostomatoida
Siphonostomatoida

Copepods
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crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods, comprising approximately 52,000 described species [1], and are usually treated as a subphylum [2].
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A. leptodactylus

Binomial name
Astacus leptodactylus
Eschscholtz, 1823

Astacus leptodactylus, the Danube crayfish or Galician crayfish
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C. crangon

Binomial name
Crangon crangon
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms
Astacus crangon (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cancer crangon Linnaeus, 1758
Crago vulgaris (Fabricius, 1798)
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Daphnia
Müller, 1785

Species
  • Subgenus Daphnia
:D. ambigua
:D. arenata
:D. catawba
:D. cheraphila
:D.

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