Information about Scalp
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- ''For other uses of the word, see Scalp (disambiguation)
Layers
It is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered with the mnemonic "SCALP":[1]- S: The skin on the head from which head hair grows. It is richly supplied with blood vessels and can be subject to such conditions as dandruff and cutis verticis gyrata.
- C: Connective tissue. a thin layer of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the skin
- A: The aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica) is the next layer. It is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which runs from the frontalis muscle anteriorly to the occipitalis posteriorly
- L: The loose areolar connective tissue layer provides an easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the pericranium. In scalping the scalp is torn off through this layer. It also provides a plane of access in craniofacial surgery and neurosurgery. This layer is sometimes referred to as the "Danger Zone" because of the ease by which infectious agents can spread through it to emissary veins which then drain into the cranium. The loose areolar tissue in this layer is made up of random collagen I bundles, collagen III and is highly vascular and cellular. It will also be rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and will be constituted of more matrix than fibers.
- P: The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair. It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).
Blood supply
The blood supply of the scalp is via four pairs of arteries, two from the external carotid and two from the internal carotid:- internal carotid
- the supratrochlear artery to the midline forehead
- the supraorbital artery to the lateral forehead and scalp as far up as the vertex
- external carotid
- the superficial temporal artery which gives frontal and parietal branches to supply much of the scalp
- the occipital artery which runs from posteriorly to supply much of the back of the scalp.
Innervation
The scalp is innervated by the following:[2]- Supratrochlear nerve and the supraorbital nerve from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
- Greater occipital nerve (C2) posteriorly up to the vertex
- Lesser occipital nerve (C3) behind the ear.
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve supplying the hairless temple
- Auriculotemporal nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Role in aesthetics
The scalp plays an important role in the aesthetics of the face. Androgenic alopecia, or male pattern hair loss, is a common cause of concern to men. It may be treated by medication (eg finasteride) or hair transplantation with variable success. If the scalp is heavy and loose, a common change with aging, the forehead may be low, heave and deeply lined. The brow lift procedure aims to address these concerns.Pathology
The scalp is a common site for the development of tumours including:- epidermoid cyst
- pilar cyst
- actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma
- basal cell carcinoma
- merkel cell tumours
See also
- Trichology -- the scientific study of hair and scalp
- Trichodynia -- burning scalp syndrome
Additional images
) Diagrammatic section of scalp. |
References
General anatomy of head and neck - head | |
|---|---|
| Face/Occiput | Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin |
| External nose | Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands |
| Nasal cavity | Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus |
| Mouth/oral cavity | Lip • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe |
| Teeth | Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous |
| Tongue | Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue |
| Palate/roof of mouth | Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches: (Palatoglossal • Palatopharyngeal) |
| Salivary glands | (Parotid • Sublingual • Submandibular) • Ducts: Submandibular • Parotid |
| fascia | Masseteric fascia • Temporal fascia • Galea aponeurotica • Scalp |
External links
- Histology at BU 08601ooa - "Integument: scalp, transverse"
- Histology at BU 08801ooa - "Integument: scalp"
- Norman/Georgetown lesson1
Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.[1] All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood.
The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The supratrochlear artery (or frontal artery), one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, branches off where the ophthalmic travels posterior to the trochlea.
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The supraorbital artery is an artery of the head.
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Course
It springs from the ophthalmic artery as that vessel is crossing over to the medial side of the optic nerve...... Click the link for more information.
superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery.
Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus.
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Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus.
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The occipital artery arise opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastic to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck.
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vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.
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The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head.
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Path
It begins on the side and vertex of the skull in a plexus which communicates with the frontal vein and supraorbital vein, with the corresponding vein of the opposite side, and with the posterior..... Click the link for more information.
The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins.
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The occipital vein begins in a plexus at the back part of the vertex of the skull.
From the plexus emerges a single vessel, which pierces the cranial attachment of the Trapezius and, dipping into the suboccipital triangle, joins the deep cervical and vertebral veins.
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From the plexus emerges a single vessel, which pierces the cranial attachment of the Trapezius and, dipping into the suboccipital triangle, joins the deep cervical and vertebral veins.
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A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projection of a neuron). Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is technically imprecise since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include the glial cells that
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The supraorbital nerve is a terminal branch of the frontal nerve.
It passes through the supraorbital foramen, and gives off, in this situation, palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid.
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It passes through the supraorbital foramen, and gives off, in this situation, palpebral filaments to the upper eyelid.
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The greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve arising from the dorsal primary rami of cervical spinal nerve 2, between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve.
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The lesser occipital nerve or small occipital nerve is a spinal nerve arising between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the greater occipital nerve. It innervates the scalp in the lateral area of the head behind the ear.
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The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system.
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The occipital lymph nodes, one to three in number, are located on the back of the head close to the margin of the Trapezius and resting on the insertion of the Semispinalis capitis.
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The mastoid lymph nodes (posterior auricular glands), usually two in number, are situated on the mastoid insertion of the Sternocleidomastoideus, beneath the Auricularis posterior.
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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Scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly.
Scalp may also refer to:
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Scalp may also refer to:
- Storm Shadow, "SCALP EG" in French, an Anglo-French air-launched cruise missile
See also
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The face is the front part of the head, in humans from the forehead to chin including the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, teeth, skin, and chin. The face is used for expression, appearance and identity amongst others.
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The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk.
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Anatomy of the human neck
Bony anatomy: The cervical spine
The cervical portion of the human spine..... Click the link for more information.
Not to be confused with pneumonic.
A mnemonic (pronounced IPA: /niːˈmɒnɪk/ in RP, /nɨˈmɑnɨk/
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Skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, showing a hair follicle, sweat gland & sebaceous gland.]] In zootomy and dermatology, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs.
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Blood is a specialized biological fluid consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma.
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Dandruff
Classification & external resources
A large flake of dandruff combed from a beard
ICD-9 690.18
DiseasesDB 11911
Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis
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Classification & external resources
A large flake of dandruff combed from a beard
ICD-9 690.18
DiseasesDB 11911
Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis
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Cutis verticis gyrata is a superficial condition usually associated with the scalp. Sufferers show visible folds, ridges or creases on the surface of the scalp.
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Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.) It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but all or most tissues in this category are similarly:
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Fat
Fat may refer to:- Fat, a group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water
- Adipose tissue, an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes
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The galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis) covers the upper part of the cranium; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the Occipitales, to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the occipital bone; in front, it forms a
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