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Information about Respiration (physiology)

In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and external environment.

In unicellular organisms, simple diffusion is sufficient for gas exchange: every cell is constantly bathed in the external environment, with only a short distance for gases to flow across. In contrast, complex multicellular organisms such as humans have a much greater distance between the environment and their innermost cells, thus, a respiratory system is needed for effective gas exchange. The respiratory system works in concert with a circulatory system to carry gases to and from the tissues.

In air-breathing vertebrates such as humans, respiration of oxygen includes four stages:
  • Ventilation from the ambient air into the alveoli of the lung.
  • Pulmonary gas exchange from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.
  • Gas transport from the pulmonary capillaries through the circulation to the peripheral capillaries in the organs.
  • Peripheral gas exchange from the tissue capillaries into the cells and mitochondria.
Note that ventilation and gas transport require energy to power mechanical pumps (the diaphragm and heart respectively), in contrast to the passive diffusion taking place in the gas exchange steps.

Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology concerned with respiration.

Classifications of respiration

There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:

By species

By mechanism

By experiments

By disorders

By medication

By intensive care and emergency medicine

By other medical topics

See also

Physiology (from Greek: φυσις, physis, “nature, origin”; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Tissue may refer to:
  • Aerial tissue, an acrobatic art form and one of the circus arts
  • Tissue (biology), a group of biological cells that perform a similar function
  • Tissue paper, a type of thin, translucent paper used for wrapping and cushioning items

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Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state.
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Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.[1] The word "biochemistry" comes from the Greek word βιοχημεία biochēmeia, which means "the chemistry of life.
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Cellular respiration describes the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules and the release of the cells' waste products.
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Plantae
  • Chromalveolata
  • Heterokontophyta
  • Haptophyta
  • Cryptophyta
  • Alveolata

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    • 2, −1
    (neutral oxide)
    Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
    Ionization energies
    (more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
    2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
    3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1

    Atomic radius 60 pm
    Atomic radius (calc.
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    Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. The living cell uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
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    Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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    Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state.
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    Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer. In this role, ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
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    Cellular respiration describes the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules and the release of the cells' waste products.
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    bulk movement or bulk flow or pressure flow is the movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient. Bulk flow is independent of solute concentration, unlike osmotic water movement.
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    microorganism (also spelled as microrganism) or microbe is an organism that is microscopic (too small to be seen by the human eye). The study of microorganisms is called microbiology.
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    This article is about the physical mechanism of diffusion. For alternative meanings, see diffusion (disambiguation).


    Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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    respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out. Respiratory systems of various types are found in a wide variety of organisms.
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    Circulatory System is a psychedelic rock musical ensemble formed by musician/painter Will Cullen Hart, and featuring Hannah Jones, Derek Almstead, Peter Erchick, John Fernandes, and Heather McIntosh.
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    Vertebrata
    Cuvier, 1812

    Classes and Clades

    See below
    Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns.
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    alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveus, "little cavity"), is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity. Mainly found in the lung, the pulmonary alveoli
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    lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity.[1]]]

    The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing vertebrates, the most primitive being the lungfish.
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    diaphragm is a sheet of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration.
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    heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in the annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.
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    Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.

    Topics include:

    Volumes

    • lung volumes
    • vital capacity
    • functional residual capacity
    • dead space
    • spirometry
    • body plethysmography
    • peak flow meter


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    Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems.
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    Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water.

    Earth's natural bodies of water have a low oxygen concentration--much lower than the level of oxygen in air at the earth's surface.
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    Buccal pumping is a method of respiration using the throat muscles. Animals using this method will typically move the floor of the mouth or throat in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent.

    This method has several stages.
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    Breathing / Respiration organs are used by most, or all, animals to exchange the gasses necessary for their life functions, known as respiration. These organs come in many forms, some of them apparently having independently evolved:

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