iPedia Free Information Center

Information about Reference Daily Intake

The Dietary Reference Intake is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine of the USA National Academy (IOM). The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada. It is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:
  • Food labels in the United States and Canada
  • Composition of diets for schools, prisons, hospitals or nursing homes
  • Industries developing new food stuffs
  • Healthcare policy makers and public health officials
In 1997, at the suggestion of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy, the RDA became one part of a broader, more detailed set of dietary guidelines, called the Dietary Reference Intake.

History

This section has no references.
You can Wikipedia by including appropriate citations.
Please see the relevant discussion on the .
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel K. Stiebeling and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35). The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, USDA nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.

Current recommendations

The current Dietary Reference Intake recommendation is composed of:
  • Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group.
  • Reference Daily Intake (RDI), the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group.
  • Adequate Intake (AI), where no RDI has been established, but the amount established is somewhat less firmly believed to be adequate for everyone in the demographic group.
  • Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin D) that can be harmful in large amounts.
The RDI is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.S. and Canada.

Vitamins and minerals

RDI/AIs and ULs for a 25-year old male are shown below. ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants are different.[1]

Nutrient RDI/AI UL units per day
Vitamin A500015000IU
Vitamin C902000mg
Vitamin D2002000IU
Vitamin K120NDµg
Vitamin B61.3100mg
α-tocopherol (E)151000IU
Biotin30NDµg
Boron-20mg
Calcium10002500mg
Chloride23003600mg
Chromium35NDµg
Choline5503500mg
Copper90010000µg
Cyanocobalamin (B12)2.4NDµg
Fluoride410mg
Folate (B9)4001000µg
Iodine1501100µg
Iron845mg
Magnesium420350amg
Manganese2.311mg
Molybdenum452000µg
Niacin (B3)1635mg
Nickel-1.0mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)5NDmg
Phosphorus7004000mg
Potassium4700NDmg
Thiamin (B1)1.2NDmg
Riboflavin (B2)1.3NDmg
Selenium55400µg
Sodium15002300mg
Sulfate-ND-
Zinc1140mg
a From pill only, not including food and water intake.

It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:

Substance RDI/AI UL units per day
Arsenic-ND-
Silicon-ND-
Vanadium-1.8mg

Macronutrients

RDI/AI is shown below for males aged 19-30 years.[2]

Waterb3.7 L/day
Carbohydrates130 g/day
Fiber38 g/day
Fat10 g/day
Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (polyunsaturated)17 g/day
alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (polyunsaturated)1.6 g/day
Proteinc58 g/day
CholesterolAs low as possible
Trans fatty acidsAs low as possible
Saturated fatty acidsAs low as possible
Added sugarNo more than 25% of calories


bIncludes water from food, beverages, and drinking water.
cDepends on body weight.

See also

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ [2]

External links

References

Nestle, Marion. "Food Politics." Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Nutrition is a science that examines the relationship between diet and health. Dietitians are health professionals who specialize in this area of study, and are trained to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice and interventions.
..... Click the link for more information.
Institute of Medicine (IOM) is one of the four United States National Academies, and is a not-for-profit, non-governmental American organization chartered in 1970 as a part of the National Academy of Sciences; its purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to
..... Click the link for more information.
Allied powers:
 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
...et al. Axis powers:
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
...et al.
..... Click the link for more information.
19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1910s  1920s  1930s  - 1940s -  1950s  1960s  1970s
1938 1939 1940 - 1941 - 1942 1943 1944

Year 1941 (MCMXLI
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. It exists not as a single compound, but in several forms. In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an alcohol (retinol), but can also exist as an aldehyde (retinal), or as an acid (retinoic acid).
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin C or L -ascorbate is an essential nutrient for higher primates, and a small number of other species. The presence of ascorbate is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and in plants and is made internally by almost all organisms,
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol).[1] The term vitamin D also refers to metabolites and other analogues of these substances.
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin K denotes a group of lipophilic, and hydrophobic, vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Chemically they are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives.
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tocopherol, known as vitamin E, describes a series of organic compounds consisting of a methylated phenols. The various derivatives are also vitamin E. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B 7 , has the chemical formula C10H16N2O3S (Biotin; Coenzyme R, Biopeiderm), is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a
..... Click the link for more information.
Boron (IPA: /ˈbɔːrɒn/) is a chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. A trivalent compound containing boron occurs abundantly in the ore borax.
..... Click the link for more information.
Calcium (IPA: /ˈkalsiəm/) is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078.
..... Click the link for more information.
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl − . The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides.
..... Click the link for more information.
3, 2
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.66 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 652.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 1590.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 2987 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Choline is an organic compound, classified as an essential nutrient[1][2][3] and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. This natural amine is found in the lipids that make up cell membranes and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
..... Click the link for more information.
2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cyanocobalamin is a compound that is metabolized to a vitamin in the B complex commonly known as vitamin B 12 (or B 12 for short).

Vitamin B 12
..... Click the link for more information.
Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine. As a halogen, fluorine forms a monovalent ion (−1 charge). Fluoride forms a binary compound with another element or radical.
..... Click the link for more information.
Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. These occur naturally in food and can also be taken as supplements. Folate gets its name from the Latin word folium ("leaf").
..... Click the link for more information.
Iodine (IPA: /ˈaɪədaɪn, ˈaɪədɪn/, or /ˈaɪədiːn/; from Greek: iodes
..... Click the link for more information.
3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Magnesium has the symbol Mg, the atomic number 12, and an atomic mass of 24.31. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe by mass. It constitutes about 2% of the Earth's crust by mass, and it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.
..... Click the link for more information.
2, 3
(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
..... Click the link for more information.
6
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.16 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 684.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1560 kJmol−1
3rd: 2618 kJmol−1
..... Click the link for more information.
For the band, see Niacin (band).


Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+
..... Click the link for more information.
2, 3
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.91 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 737.1 kJmol−1
2nd: 1753.0 kJmol−1
3rd: 3395 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Pantotheric acid, also called vitamin B 5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). Pantotheric acid is needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins,
..... Click the link for more information.
5, 4
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.19 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1011.8 kJmol−1
2nd: 1907 kJmol−1
3rd: 2914.1 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Potassium (IPA: /pə(ʊ)ˈtasiəm/, /pə'tæsiəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol K (Arabic: al qalja
..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus


page counter