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Radiata
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Chrysaora jellyfish

Chrysaora jellyfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Subkingdom:Eumetazoa
(unranked)Radiata
Linnaeus, 1758
Phyla


The Radiata are the radially symmetric animals of the Eumetazoa subregnum. The term Radiata has had various meanings in the history of classification. It has been applied to the echinoderms, although the echinoderms are members of the Bilateria, because they exhibit bilateral symmetry in their developing stages.

Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1983 defined a subkingdom called Radiata consisting of the phyla Porifera, Myxozoa, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata, that is, all the animals that are not in Bilateria.

The Five Kingdom classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz keeps only Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata. Cladistic classifications do not recognize Radiata as a clade. The radiata, in this sense, are diploblastic, meaning they have 2 primary germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm. (Cavalier-Smith's use of the term Radiata includes animals with a single germ layer such as sponges.)

Although radial symmetry is usually given as a defining characteristic of radiates, a few members of the class Anthozoa, which are now considered as the most basal and oldest group of cnidarians, are actually bilateral symmetric. Nematostella vectensis is one such example. Newer research strongly indicates that bilateral symmetry evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria, and that the radially symmetrical cnidarians have secondarily evolved radial symmetry, meaning the bilaterism in species like N. vectensis have a primary origin [1]. Also the free-swimming planula larvae of cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry. Ctenophores show biradial symmetry.
Scyphozoa
Goette, 1887

Orders

Stauromedusae
Coronatae
Semaeostomeae
Rhizostomae
Jellyfish are marine invertebrates belonging to the Class Scyphozoa within the Phylum Cnidaria. They can be found in every ocean in the world.
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Eumetazoa
Butschli, 1910

subgroups
  • Placozoa
  • Radiata
  • Bilateria


Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges.
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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)

Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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phylum (Greek Φῦλον plural: Φῦλα phyla) is a taxon in the rank below kingdom and above class.
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Cnidaria
Hatschek, 1888

Subphylum/Classes[1]

Anthozoa — corals and sea anemones
Medusozoa:[2]
:Cubozoa — sea wasps or box jellyfish

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Ctenophora
Eschscholtz, 1829

Classes

Tentaculata
Nuda

The phylum Ctenophora, commonly known as Comb Jellies, is a phylum classically grouped with Cnidaria in the Coelenterata infrakingdom.
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Eumetazoa
Butschli, 1910

subgroups
  • Placozoa
  • Radiata
  • Bilateria


Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges.
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Echinodermata
Klein, 1734

Subphyla & Classes
  • Homalozoa Gill & Caster, 1960
Homostelea
Homoiostelea
Stylophora
Ctenocystoidea Robison & Sprinkle, 1969
  • Crinozoa

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Bilateria
Hatschek, 1888

Subgroups
  • Deuterostomia
  • Echinodermata (20,000 species)
  • Hemichordata (71 species)
  • Chordata (63,000 species)

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Professor Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith (born October 21 1942), FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow, is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
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phylum (Greek Φῦλον plural: Φῦλα phyla) is a taxon in the rank below kingdom and above class.
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Porifera
Grant in Todd, 1836

Classes
Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
The sponges or poriferans (from Latin "pore" and "to bear") are animals of the phylum Porifera. Porifera translates to "Pore-bearer".
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Myxozoa
Grassé, 1970

Groups

Malacosporea
Myxosporea

The Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: myx- "slime" or "mucus" + zoa "animals") are a group of parasitic animals of aquatic environments.
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Cnidaria
Hatschek, 1888

Subphylum/Classes[1]

Anthozoa — corals and sea anemones
Medusozoa:[2]
:Cubozoa — sea wasps or box jellyfish

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Ctenophora
Eschscholtz, 1829

Classes

Tentaculata
Nuda

The phylum Ctenophora, commonly known as Comb Jellies, is a phylum classically grouped with Cnidaria in the Coelenterata infrakingdom.
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Bilateria
Hatschek, 1888

Subgroups
  • Deuterostomia
  • Echinodermata (20,000 species)
  • Hemichordata (71 species)
  • Chordata (63,000 species)

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Dr. Lynn Margulis (born March 15, 1938) is a biologist and University Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[1]
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Diploblasty is a condition of the ovum in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.

Diploblastic organisms are organisms which evolve from such an ovum, and include cnidaria and ctenophores. The endoderm allows them to develop true tissue.
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Anthozoa
Ehrenberg, 1831

Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria that contains the sea anemones and corals. Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development.
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N. vectensis

Binomial name
Nematostella vectensis
Stephenson, 1935

The starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis
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A planula is the free-swimming, flattened, ciliated, bilaterally symmetric larva of a jellyfish, a hydrozoan cnidarian, or a ctenophore. Depending on the species, the planula either metamorphosises into a miniature version of the adult form (such as some jellyfish and all
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