Information about Proto Indo European Roots
The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic morphemes carrying a lexical meaning. By addition of suffixes, they form stems, and by addition of desinences, these form grammatically inflected words (nouns or verbs).
PIE roots are subject to ablaut, and except for a very few cases, the root is fully characterized by its constituent consonants, while the vowel may alternate. PIE roots as a rule have a single syllabic core, and by ablaut may either be monosyllabic or unsyllabic.
PIE roots may be of the following form (where K is a voiceless stop, G an unaspirated and Gh an aspirated stop, R a sonorant (r, l, m, n, w, y) and H a fricative (either laryngeal or s)
A root has at least one consonant, in some theories at least two (*h₁eḱ vs. eḱ "quick"). Depending on the interpretation of laryngeals, some roots seem to have an inherent a or o vowel, *ar- (vs. *h₂ar-) "fit", *ongʷ (vs. *h₃engʷ) "anoint", *bʰag "consume", *aḱ (vs. *h₂eḱ) "keen".
By "root extension", a basic CeC (with C being any consonant) pattern may be extended to CeC-C, and an s mobile may extend it to s-CeC.
In linguistics, a stem is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants. Stems are often roots, i.e. atomic (unanalyzable) lexical morphemes, but a stem can also be morphologically complex, as seen with compound words (cf.
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PIE roots are subject to ablaut, and except for a very few cases, the root is fully characterized by its constituent consonants, while the vowel may alternate. PIE roots as a rule have a single syllabic core, and by ablaut may either be monosyllabic or unsyllabic.
PIE roots may be of the following form (where K is a voiceless stop, G an unaspirated and Gh an aspirated stop, R a sonorant (r, l, m, n, w, y) and H a fricative (either laryngeal or s)
| stops | - | K- | G- | Gh- |
| - | [HR]e[RH] | K[R]e[RH] | G[R]e[RH] | Gh[R]e[RH] |
| -K | [HR]e[RH]K | - | G[R]e[RH]K | Gh[R]e[RH]K |
| -G | [HR]e[RH]G | K[R]e[RH]G | - | Gh[R]e[RH]G |
| -Gh | [HR]e[RH]Gh | K[R]e[RH]Gh | G[R]e[RH]Gh | - |
A root has at least one consonant, in some theories at least two (*h₁eḱ vs. eḱ "quick"). Depending on the interpretation of laryngeals, some roots seem to have an inherent a or o vowel, *ar- (vs. *h₂ar-) "fit", *ongʷ (vs. *h₃engʷ) "anoint", *bʰag "consume", *aḱ (vs. *h₂eḱ) "keen".
By "root extension", a basic CeC (with C being any consonant) pattern may be extended to CeC-C, and an s mobile may extend it to s-CeC.
See also
- Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben
- s mobile
- Proto-Indo-European verb
- Proto-Indo-European noun
- Indo-European ablaut
- Triliteral
References
- Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots: Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin, September 14, 2000 - ISBN 0-395-98610-9
- Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages: A contribution to the history of ideas, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (June 15, 1988) - ISBN 0-226-07937-6
- Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959).
- Rix et al., Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben (1998, 2001).
External links
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
- Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary of Russian language
- Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
Indo-European studies
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| Language | Phonology | s-mobile | Sound laws |
| Ablaut | Nouns | Numerals | Pronouns and particles | Roots | Verbs |
The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes.
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Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Although the existence of such a language has been accepted by linguists for a long time, there has been debate about many specific
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In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. In spoken language, morphemes are composed of phonemes (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound), and in written language morphemes are composed of graphemes (the
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lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
The lexicon includes the lexemes used to actualize words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
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The lexicon includes the lexemes used to actualize words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
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suffix — a form of affix — follows the morpheme to which it attaches. Suffixes can be inflectional or derivational.
An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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In linguistics, a stem is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants. Stems are often roots, i.e. atomic (unanalyzable) lexical morphemes, but a stem can also be morphologically complex, as seen with compound words (cf.
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suffix — a form of affix — follows the morpheme to which it attaches. Suffixes can be inflectional or derivational.
An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetical value. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes.
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Examples
A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
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A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
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verb is a word belonging to the part of speech that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand).
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In linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of vowel gradation (i.e. regular vowel variations) in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages. (For the general phenomenon, see Apophony.
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laryngeal may mean
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- pertaining to the larynx
- in Indo-European linguistics, a consonant postulated in the laryngeal theory
- in phonetics, an obsolete term for glottal and pharyngeal sounds.
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The Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben ("Lexicon of the Indo-European Verb") is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European verb. It is based on Julius Pokorny's IEW.
The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix.
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The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix.
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The verbal system of the Proto-Indo-European language was a complex system that utilized multiple grammatical moods, voices, with words being conjugated according to number, and tense.
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Proto-Indo-European nouns were declined for eight cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, ablative, locative, vocative). There were three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
There are two major types of declension, thematic and athematic.
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There are two major types of declension, thematic and athematic.
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In linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of vowel gradation (i.e. regular vowel variations) in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages. (For the general phenomenon, see Apophony.
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triliteral (Arabic: جذر ثلاثي, ǧaḏr ṯalāṯī
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Calvert Watkins is a professor Emeritus of linguistics and the classics at Harvard University and professor-in-residence at UCLA.
His doctoral dissertation, Indo-European Origins of the Celtic Verb I.
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His doctoral dissertation, Indo-European Origins of the Celtic Verb I.
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Carl Darling Buck (October 2, 1866 - February 8, 1955), American philologist, was born in Bucksport, Maine.
He graduated from Yale in 1886, was a graduate student there for three years, and studied at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (1887-1889) and in
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He graduated from Yale in 1886, was a graduate student there for three years, and studied at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (1887-1889) and in
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Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He was born in Prague and studied at the University of Vienna, where he also taught from 1913 to 1920.
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The Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch ("The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") is an updated and slimmed-down reworking of the three-volume Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen
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The Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben ("Lexicon of the Indo-European Verb") is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European verb. It is based on Julius Pokorny's IEW.
The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix.
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The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix.
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Indo-European studies is a field of linguistics, dealing with the Indo-European languages. Its goal is to amass information about the hypothetical proto-language from which all of these languages are descended, a language of the early Bronze Age dubbed Proto-Indo-European (PIE),
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Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Although the existence of such a language has been accepted by linguists for a long time, there has been debate about many specific
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phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been reconstructed by linguists, based off of the similarities and differences among current and dead Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-European consonants and their reflexes in the Indo-European daughter languages
Trad. PIE Glot. PIE Sanskrit Avestan O.C.S. Lithuanian Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite Greek Latin Old Irish Proto-Germ.
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Trad. PIE Glot. PIE Sanskrit Avestan O.C.S. Lithuanian Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite Greek Latin Old Irish Proto-Germ.
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In linguistics, the term ablaut designates a system of vowel gradation (i.e. regular vowel variations) in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages. (For the general phenomenon, see Apophony.
..... Click the link for more information.
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